Resumo Os terpenóides, também chamados terpenos ou isoprenóides, são uma família de produtos naturais encontrados em todos os organismos vivos. Muitas plantas são produtoras destes metabolitos secundários, que constituem uma grande parte dos óleos essenciais. Uma das características mais importantes é que os compostos são voláteis, têm odor e podem ser utilizados numa variedade de aplicações em diferentes segmentos industriais ou na medicina tradicional. O Brasil tem uma flora rica e diversificada que pode ser utilizada como fonte de pesquisa para a obtenção de novas moléculas. Dentro desta flora, vale a pena mencionar a Caatinga como um bioma exclusivamente brasileiro que possui plantas adaptadas a uma série de condições climáticas e, portanto, um armazém de compostos a serem descritos. As infecções fúngicas são doenças cada vez mais comuns, devido a isso existe uma grande procura de novos agentes com baixa toxicidade e efeitos secundários. Os cientistas devem procurar novas moléculas que exibam atividade antifúngica para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos contra as infecções fúngicas. Esta revisão visa analisar dados científicos dos principais estudos publicados que descrevem o uso de terpenóides e as suas aplicações biológicas como antifúngicos. isoprenóides vivos secundários essenciais voláteis tradicional portanto descritos comuns antifúngicos

Abstract Terpenoids, also named terpenes or isoprenoids, are a family of natural products found in all living organisms. Many plants produce terpenoids as secondary metabolites, and these make up a large part of essential oils. One of most important characteristic is that the compounds are volatile, have odor and can be used in a variety of applications in different industrial segments and traditional medicine. Brazil has a rich and diverse flora that can be used as a source of research for obtaining new molecules. Within the Brazilian flora, it is worth mentioning the Caatinga as an exclusively Brazilian biome where plants adapt to a specific series of weather conditions and therefore become a great storehouse of the terpenoid compounds to be described herein. Fungal infections have become increasingly common, and a great demand for new agents with low toxicity and side effects has thus emerged. Scientists must search for new molecules exhibiting antifungal activity to develop new drugs. This review aims to analyze scientific data from the principal published studies describing the use of terpenes and their biological applications as antifungals. Terpenoids isoprenoids organisms metabolites oils volatile medicine herein common emerged drugs antifungals

Abstract We evaluated the phenology and reproductive phenological diversity of three sympatric species of Miconia in a gallery forest in the Chapada Diamantina mountains, Bahia, Brazil. The reproductive phenophases (bud, flower, immature fruit, and mature fruit) of M. alborufescens (N=38), M. holosericea (N=46), and M. prasina (N=44) were evaluated monthly, between June/2008 and June/2015. The Fournier index was used to assess the intensities of the reproductive phenophases; synchrony and seasonality were analyzed using circular statistics and the Rayleigh (Z) test. The Frideman and Wilcoxon tests were used to verify interannual variations in phenological patterns. Reproductive phenological diversity was measured by calculating the Shannon-Wiener index; ANOVA tested possible differences in the means of diversity among the different years. The reproductive phenophases of the studied Miconia species occurred sequentially (M. alborufescens, then M. holoserica, followed by M. prasina), in the transition between the dry and rainy seasons, with little overlap between them. In general, the species showed seasonal and synchronic phenological patterns, with some variations that coincided with El Niño and/or La Niña events, e.g., demonstrating changes in the periodicity, synchrony, and intensity of their phenophases. The intensity of fruiting, for example, showed increases during La Niña years. Reproductive phenological diversity appears to respond to climate changes resulting from El Niño events and periods of prolonged drought, with high Shannon-Wiener index values. The results also suggest that the effects of global climatic phenomena (El Niño and La Niña) that alter regional climatic seasonality can also cause variations in the reproductive phenological rhythms of the Miconia species studied.

Resumo Neste estudo, avaliamos a fenologia e a diversidade fenológica reprodutiva de três espécies simpátricas de Miconia em uma floresta de galeria da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. As fenofases reprodutivas (botão, flor, fruto imaturo e fruto maduro) de M. alborufescens (N=38), M. holosericea (N=46) e M. prasina (N=44) foram avaliadas mensalmente, entre junho de 2008 e junho de 2015. O índice de Fournier foi utilizado para avaliar a intensidade das fenofases reprodutivas; a sincronia e a sazonalidade foram analisadas por meio de estatística circular e do teste de Rayleigh (Z). Os testes de Frideman e Wilcoxon foram empregados na verificação de variações interanuais dos padrões fenológicos. A diversidade fenológica reprodutiva foi mensurada pelo cálculo do índice de Shannon-Wiener; a ANOVA testou possíveis diferenças nas médias de diversidade entre os diferentes anos. As fenofases reprodutivas das espécies de Miconia estudadas ocorreram de forma sequencial (M. alborufescens, M. holoserica e M. prasina, respectivamente), na transição entre as estações seca e chuvosa, com pouca sobreposição entre as espécies. No geral, as espécies apresentaram padrões fenológicos sazonais e sincrônicos, com algumas variações que coincidiram com eventos de El Niño e/ou La Niña, e.g., demonstrando mudanças na periodicidade, sincronia e intensidade de suas fenofases. A intensidade da frutificação, por exemplo, apresentou aumento nos anos de ocorrência de La Niña. A diversidade fenológica reprodutiva parece responder às alterações climáticas decorrentes dos eventos de El Niño e a períodos de seca prolongada, com valores elevados do índice de Shannon-Wiener. Os resultados sugerem, ainda, que os efeitos de fenômenos climáticos globais (El Niño e La Niña), que alteram a sazonalidade climática regional, também podem causar variações nos ritmos fenológicos reprodutivos das espécies de Miconia estudadas.

Abstract The yield potential of rice in Brazil can be severely impaired by salinity, which affects about 2 % of the country's rice cultivation lands. Conditions of high salinity may be caused by inappropriate irrigation practices and soil flooding by sea water in coastal regions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbonized rice husk ashes applied to the soil on the yield and physiological seed quality of rice grown under salt stress. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five levels of factor A (0.0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 kg ha -1 of rice husk ash) and three of factor В (0.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mM of NaCl) applied to the soil, with four replications. The response variables were the number of panicles per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, number of sterile glumes per plant and 1000 seed weight. The physiological quality of seeds was assessed through the germination test, first germination count, cold test, accelerated aging, seedling shoot and root lengths and field emergence. The salinity caused a negative effect on the agronomic traits and physiological quality of rice seeds. Weight and physiological quality of rice seeds were positively affected by increasing doses of carbonized rice husk ashes, even in the presence of salt concentrations in the soil.

Resumen El potencial del rendimiento del arroz en Brasil puede ser muy perjudicado por la salinidad, que afecta cerca de 2 % de las tierras cultivables con arroz del país. Las condiciones de alta salinidad pueden ser causadas por prácticas de riego inadecuadas e inundaciones de suelos con agua marina en regiones costeras. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la ceniza de cáscara de arroz carbonizada aplicada al suelo sobre el rendimiento y la calidad fisiológica de la semilla sembrada bajo condiciones de estrés. El diseño experimental fue bloques al azar con cinco niveles de factor A (0.0, 500, 1000, 1500 y 2000 kg ha-1 de ceniza de cáscara de arroz) y tres de factor B (0.0, 4.0, y 8.0 mM de NaCl) aplicados al suelo, con cuatro réplicas. Las variables de respuesta fueron el número de panículas por planta, el número de semillas por planta, el peso de semillas por planta, número de glumas estériles por planta y el peso de 1000 semillas. La calidad fisiológica de las semillas se evaluó con la prueba de germinación, conteo de primera germinación, prueba de frío, envejecimiento acelerado, tallo de plántula y lengitud de raíces y emergencia de campo. La salinidad causó un efecto negativo sobre características agronómicos y calidad fisiológica de las semillas de arroz. En el peso y la calidad fisiológica de las semillas de arroz hubo un efecto positivo por dosis en aumento de ceniza de cáscara de arroz, incluso en presencia de concentraciones de sal en el suelo.

This work deals with experimental and numerical studies of a 3-D transient free-surface two-phase flow in a bench-scale channel flow. The aim was to determine how well the homogeneous model can predict the fluid dynamics behavior and to validate the model. The model was validated with experimental data acquired for two hydrodynamic situations. The mathematical model was based on the mass conservation equations for liquid and gas phases and on the momentum conservation equation for the mixture, assuming interpenetrating, continuum and homogeneous hypotheses. Turbulence has been considered for the mixture through the standard k-ε model. The numerical methods were the finite volume method with pressure-velocity coupling and a numerical grid on a generalized Cartesian coordinate system. Good qualitative and quantitative agreements were found for both cases, making the prediction of the fluid dynamics behavior quite robust.

This study aimed to investigate the use of female condom (PF) by sex workers registered with the Municipal Health Department of the municipality of Rio Grande / RS. It is a descriptive and quantitative study, conducted in 2009 with 19 women, through the application of an individual questionnaire containing questions about sexual habits and use of FP. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the FURG in opinion No. 53/2009. The results found that 47.30% reported that they check their health status regularly, 58% already had contact with this type of condom in the health service and 73.55% claim never to have acquired an STI. Regarding sexual practices 68.45% reported using condoms only to prevent STDs, women who are already using PF practised vaginal sex and 47.30% do not see the advantages and 52.65% do not see the disadvantages of using the PF. It is important then that the health facilities, professionals including nurses, should be prepared to deal with health issues and counsel these women about the importance of condom use for health maintenance.

Este estudo objetivou investigar a utilização do preservativo feminino (PF) pelas profissionais do sexo cadastradas na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do município do Rio Grande/RS. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo e descritivo, realizado no ano de 2009 com 19 mulheres, por meio da aplicação de um questionário individual contendo questões sobre hábitos de saúde sexual e utilização do PF. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Furg sob parecer nº 53/2009. Nos resultados foi encontrado que 47,30% relataram que acompanham a sua situação de saúde regularmente; 58% tiveram contato com este tipo de preservativo no serviço de saúde e 73,55% afirmam nunca terem adquirido alguma DST. Quanto as práticas sexuais 68,45% relataram utilizar apenas o preservativo masculino para se prevenir das DST's; as mulheres que já utilizam o PF utilizaram no sexo vaginal e 47,30% não vêem as vantagens e 52,65% não vêem desvantagens em usar o PF. É importante então que nas unidades de saúde, os profissionais incluindo os enfermeiros, devem estar preparados para lidar com as questões de saúde dessas mulheres e orientação quanto a importância do uso do preservativo para a manutenção da saúde.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el uso del condón femenino (PF) de trabajadoras sexuales registradas en el Departamento Municipal de Salud de la municipalidad de Rio Grande / RS. Es un estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo, realizado en 2009 con 19 mujeres, a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario individual que contiene preguntas sobre los hábitos sexuales y el uso del PF. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la FURG en opinión N º 53/2009. Los resultados indicaron que 47,30% informó que acompañan a su estado de salud regularmente, el 58% había tenido contacto con este tipo de condones en los servicios de salud y 73,55% no afirman haber adquirido nunca una Infección de Transmisión Sexual (ETS). En cuanto a las prácticas sexuales 68,45% informó del uso de preservativos sólo para prevenir las ETS, las mujeres que ya están utilizando el PF practicaron sexo vaginal y el 47,30% no ve las ventajas y el 52,65% no ve las desventajas en el uso del PF. Es importante entonces que los establecimientos de salud, incluyendo enfermeras profesionales, estén preparados para afrontar los problemas de salud de estas mujeres y asesorarlas sobre la importancia del uso del condón para el mantenimiento de la salud.

Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o comportamento de vigas de concreto autoadensável (CAA) reforçado com fibras de aço submetidas à flexão. Para tal, foram utilizadas fibras de aço com fator l/d = 50, em uma fração volumétrica de 1%. Foram confeccionadas vigas armadas de dimensões (12,5 x 23,5 x 132) cm, as quais foram ensaiadas por flexão a quatro pontos, aos 28 dias de idade, sendo feitas medições das deformações apresentadas nos estribos e armadura longitudinal, além de medições das deformações do concreto na região comprimida e das flechas no meio do vão. Os resultados dos ensaios mostraram que a adição das fibras de aço ao CAA promoveu sensível ganho na capacidade resistente da viga, com menores flechas, menores deformações das armaduras, longitudinal e transversal, e melhorado controle da fissuração, em comparação às demais vigas produzidas com concretos convencionais, com e sem fibras de aço.

This study was carried out to investigate the behavior of self-compacting concrete beams reinforced with steel fibers subjected to the bending. For such, steel fibers with a ratio l/d of 50, in a volume fraction of 1% were used. Reinforced concrete beams with dimensions of 12,5 x 23,5 x 132 cm were in four-point bending, at 28 days of age. During the test were taken strain measurements in the stirrups and the longitudinal reinforcement bars, besides measurements of the strain in the compressed region of concrete and of deflections at mid-span. The data collected showed that the addition of steel fibers in self-compacting concrete (SCC) promotes a notable increase in the beam’s resistant capacity, resulting in lower deflections at mid-span, lower deformations of the reinforcement bars, both transversal as longitudinal, and improved cracking control, compared to control beams produced with conventional concrete, with or without steel fibers.

This work on the process of biosorption of nickel and chromium in an ascendant continuous-flow, fixed packed-bed bioreactor of sanitary sewage sludge was conducted in a search for solutions to the environmental problem caused by heavy metals. Analysis of the results demonstrated that the absorbent had an extraordinary capacity for biosorption of the heavy metals studied at about 9.0 pH of the effluent, with a removal percentage of over 90.0% for the two metals. Chemometric study results demonstrated that 20 days of the experimental system function were sufficient for achieving the maximum efficiency of sorption of the heavy metals studied by the sanitary sewage sludge employed.

PbTe mesa diodes were fabricated from a series of p - n junctions grown on BaF2 substrates. For this series, the hole concentration was kept constant at 10(17) cm-3 and the electron concentration varied between 10(17) and 10(19) cm-3. Capacitance versus voltage analysis revealed that for n > 10(18) cm-3, a one-sided abrupt junction is formed. The direct and reverse branches of the current versus voltage curves exhibited different forms among the diodes. The R0A product varied between 0.23 and 31.8 omegacm², and the integral detectivity ranged from 1.1x10(8) to 6.5x10(10) cmHz½W-1. The performance of the best PbTe photodiodes fabricated here is comparable to the commercial InSb and HgCdTe infrared detectors, and to the PbTe sensors grown on Si substrate.

Ionization and dissociation of the formic acid molecule (HCOOH) by energetic charged particles have been studied for 1 keV electrons and nearly equivelocity 2 MeV protons. Whereas the fragmentation pattern induced by impact of electron and proton show close similarities, some distinctions in the fragmentation yields were observed for these equivelocity projectiles.

Discutimos a contração do comprimento de Lorentz-Fitzgerald nos contextos do éter de Fresnel e da relatividade especial. Pretendemos esclarecer alguns equívocos que podem ocorrer no entendimento da relacão entre contração do comprimento, éter e relatividade especial.

We discuss the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction in the context of the Fresnel's ether and special relativity. We intend to clarify some mistakes that can occur in the understanding of the relation among length contraction, ether and special relativity.

We discuss the gravitomagnetism in the context of scalar-tensor theories of gravity. We obtain the equation of motion of a particle in terms of gravitoelectric and gravitomagnetic fields. We discuss the gravitomagnetic time delay and the Lense-Thirring effect in the context of scalar-tensor theories of gravity. In the particular case of Brans-Dicke Theory, we compare the results obtained with those predicted by general relativity and show that within the accuracy of experiments designed to measure these effects, both theories predict essentially the same results.

A fase nanoestruturada KSr2Nb5O15, foi sintetizada pelo método de mistura mecânica de óxidos por moagem de alta eficiência e por via química, utilizando o método dos precursores poliméricos, em forno tipo tubo sob atmosfera de O2 durante 10 h. A análise por difração de raios X dos pós calcinados a 1150 ºC foi realizada pelo método de Rietveld utilizando-se o software FullProf. A análise dos parâmetros estruturais obtidos via método de Rietveld mostrou um sistema tetragonal com estrutura tipo tetragonal tungstênio bronze. A partir das reflexões observadas, há apenas evidência da regra [(0kl) k = 2n], a qual é compatível com o grupo espacial centrossimétrico P4bm, o qual foi utilizado para o refinamento. O volume da célula unitária obtido na análise dos pós de KSr2Nb5O15 obtidos por síntese química e por moagem de alta eficiência foi 611,90 ų e 611,95 ų, respectivamente.

The nanostructured KSr2Nb5O15 phase was synthesized by both routes, the high efficiency milling and the polymeric precursor, in a furnace under O2 atmosphere during 10 h. The Rietveld X-ray diffraction analysis of the calcined powders at 1150 ºC was performed using the FullProf software. The XRD pattern analysis showed a tetragonal system with the tetragonal tungsten bronze structure. From the observed reflections, there is only evidence of the rule existence [(0kl) k = 2n], which is compatible with the centrosymmetric space group P4bm, which was used for the refinement. The unit cell volume obtained for the KSr2Nb5O15 powders prepared by chemical synthesis and by high efficiency milling were equal to 611,90 ų and 611,95 ų, respectively.

O cobre e o zinco participam de diversas reações no organismo, diretamente ou como co-fatores de enzimas, e são considerados essenciais. Avaliar os teores destes, em leguminosas cruas e após processamento térmico, permite um conhecimento do comportamento destes metais em meio salino e aquoso o que auxiliará no conhecimento do aproveitamento destes pelo organismo humano. Amostras de feijões preto, branco, carioquinha, manteiga, mulatinho, ervilha, lentilha e grão-de-bico, duas marcas de cada tipo e em dois lotes, foram analisadas quanto ao teor total de cobre e zinco quando cruas e processadas termicamente em meio salino e aquoso. A abertura das amostras foi feita por calcinação a 550ºC. As amostras que foram processadas termicamente, passaram por dessecação em estufa a 105ºC antes da calcinação. O teor total de cobre e zinco nas amostras foi determinado através da espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama. Na análise da rejeição de resultados foram aplicados o teste Dixon e o teste t de Student. Observou-se que, após o processamento térmico em meio salino ou aquoso, a maioria das amostras não teve perda significativa dos teores de cobre e zinco em relação às amostras cruas. Considerando que os teores médios do cobre e zinco nas amostras cruas foram, respectivamente, de 0,75mg% e 3,2mg% ao ser consumido uma porção média de leguminosas, cerca de 50g, a mesma fornece aproximadamente 19% e 10% das necessidades diárias de cobre e zinco, respectivamente, para um homem adulto segundo a R.D.A.

Copper and zinc are considered essential oligoelements to human nutrition, taking part in several reactions either directly or as enzymatic co-fators. The amount of these elements in legumes, both raw and thermally processed in an aqueous and saline medium, provides an insight into their behavior, thus allowing an understanding of how these metals are best utilized by the human body. Two different commercial samples of raw and thermally processed (aqueous or saline medium) beans, peas, lemtils and chickpeas, were analyzed in order to determine the amount of Cu and Zn present. The opening of the samples was done through calcination at 550ºC. Those samples that were thermally processed went through dissection in a sterilizer at 105ºC prior to calcination. The total amount of copper and zinc in these samples was determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy on flame. Dixon test and t test by Student were used for the analysis of the results rejection. After thermal processing in an aqueous and a saline medium, it was observed that, almost all samples did not show a significant loss in the amount of copper and zinc, as compared to the raw samples. Considering that the average content of copper and zinc in the raw samples was, respectively, 0,75mg% and 3,14mg%, the consumption about 50 grams, of legumes provides approximately 19% and 10% of the daily requirements of copper and zinc for an adult male recommended by the RDA.

In this work a new mechanical device to improve the gas flow in cyclones by pressure drop reduction is presented and discussed. This behavior occurs due to the effects of introducing swirling breakdown phenomenon at the inlet of the vortex finder tube. The device consists of a tube with two gas inlets in an appositive spiral flux that produces a sudden reduction in the tangential velocity peak responsible for practically 80 % of the pressure drop in cyclones. In turn, peak reduction causes a decrease in pressure drop by a breakdown of the swirling, and because of this the solid particles tend to move faster toward the wall , increasing collection efficiency. As a result of this phenomenon the overall performance of cyclones is improved. Numerical simulations with 3-D, transient, asymmetric and anisotropic turbulence closure by differential Reynolds stress for Lapple and Stairmand standard geometries of 0.3 m in diameter, show a reduction in pressure drop of 20 % and a shift of the tangential velocity peak toward the wall. All numerical experiments were carried out with a commercial CFD code showing numerical stability and good convergence rates with high-order interpolation schemes, SIMPLEC pressure-velocity coupling and other numerical features.