RESUMEN Ganoderma lucidum es un basidiomiceto de pudrición blanca estudiado especialmente por sus atributos medicinales. No obstante, la información sobre la suplementación de los medios de cultivo con metales como Zn, Li, Mn, Cu es escasa aun conociendo que la presencia de metales en los sustratos mejora las características de los basidiomas obtenidos e incrementa su productividad. El objetivo fue evaluar las actividades enzimáticas lacasa (Lc) y manganeso peroxidasa (MnP), la fructificación y eficiencia biológica (EB) de G. lucidum en cultivos sólidos formulados con residuos agroindustriales (aserrín de roble, cascarilla de café, salvado de maíz) suplementados con dos niveles de sal de manganeso II (0,05 % y 0,1 % p/p) y una formulación sin adición de la sal de manganeso. Las actividades enzimáticas se determinaron durante 98 días del ciclo productivo, con toma de muestras semanales. El tratamiento uno (0,05 % p/p de MnSO4H2O) suministró la mayor EB del cultivo con 25,90 ± 2,12 % y los mayores títulos de actividades ligninolíticas en el tiempo con 0,7299 UE/g s.s. de MnP a los 35 días de fermentación y 4,1 760 UE/g s.s para la actividad de Lc a los 42 días de proceso con relación a los tratamientos dos y control. Asimismo, hubo una disminución del ciclo de cultivo del hongo para los tratamientos uno (83 días) y dos (95 días) en comparación con el tratamiento control (117 días). Los resultados de este trabajo son promisorios para cultivadores industriales de G. lucidum, ya que la suplementación de los sustratos con Mn incrementa la productividad de los cultivos.

ABSTRACT Ganoderma lucidum is a white rot basidiomycete specially studied for its medicinal attributes. However, the information on the supplementation of the substrate with metals such as Zn, Li, Mn, Cu and others is scarce. Even knowing that the presence of metals in the substrates improves the characteristics of the basidiomes produced and increases their productivity. The objective was to evaluate the enzymatic activities laccase (Lc) and manganese peroxidase (MnP). The fructification and biological efficiency (BE) of G. lucidum in solid culture formulated with agroindustrial residues, (oak sawdust, coffee husk, bran corn) supplemented with two levels of manganese II salt, (0.05 % and 0.1 % w/ w) and a formulation without addition of manganese II salt. Enzymatic activities were determined during 98 days of the production cycle, with weekly sampling. Treatment one (0.05 % w/w MnSO4.H2O) provided the highest BE of the culture with 25.90 ± 0.54% and the highest titers of ligninolytic activities, in the time with 0.7299 EU/g d.s for MnP at 35 days of fermentation and 4.1760 EU/g d.s for Lc activity at 42 days of process, in relation to treatments two and control. Likewise, there was a decrease in the fungus culture cycle for treatments one (83 days) and two (95 days) compared to the control treatment (117 days). The results of this work are promising for industrial growers of G. lucidum, since the supplementation of the substrates with Mn increase the productivity of the cultures.

Abstract The Serra Branca pegmatite in northeastern Brazil is unique because of its megacrysts of bluish-green amazonite currently exploited for ornamental purposes and as high-quality gemstones. Here we analyze microtextural, spectroscopic, and geochemical data on specimens from two magmatic generations of amazonite from this pegmatite in order to characterize their mineralogy and propose a schematic evolution diagram for twinning during their development. The amazonite consists of intergrowths of the low microcline and low albite XRD varieties that evolved according to a twin coarsening process, in which the first generation (I-tg) of ± A/P twinning developed at the monoclinic-triclinic transformation, whereas the second generation (II-tg) gave rise mainly to ± A twins. The bluish-green color of the amazonite was preserved during the process of microcline twinning. In addition to the irrational II-tg twinning, which is typically found in microcline from anorogenic settings, the serra branca amazonite crystals also show elevated contents of Rb, Pb, Fe, Cs, and Tl in both generations, whereas albitic intergrowths present high concentrations of Fe, Pb, Sr, and Ga. Finally, our chemical and spectroscopic results are compatible with the hypothesis that Pb-water centers account for the bluish green color in amazonite.

Abstract Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin variably, according to genetic and environmental factors. Some patients may benefit from systemic treatment with immunobiological agents, drugs that can be accompanied by several adverse effects. A case of a 58-year-old patient undergoing treatment for psoriasis with adalimumab for five years is reported. Alterations compatible with interstitial pneumonia were detected with important regression after adalimumab discontinuation. This case is relevant due to the scarcity of reports on late pulmonary adverse effect of anti-TNF treatment of psoriasis.

Abstract The Paraná emerald deposit is one of the few occurrences of emerald, a rare beryl variety, in Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil. We characterized the Paraná deposit by combining field geology, petrography, whole-rock geochemistry, mineral chemistry, and reflectance spectroscopy. The mineralization is associated with phlogopite-, actinolite-phlogopite-, and phlogopite-phengite schists, mylonitic gneisses, and several acidic rocks (e.g. granitic pegmatites/aplites, quartz ± feldspar veins) along the Portalegre Shear Zone. Emerald can be found in quartz-feldspar and aplite veins and veinlets interleaved with phlogopite- or actinolite-phlogopite schists, or within the foliation of the schists. The presence of albitites and the compositional variation of the schists suggest a metasomatic origin for emerald with variations of the metasomatic process. All these different lithotypes can be readily identified through reflectance spectroscopy especially in the range of 2,150-2,450 nm, where the main mafic minerals show absorption features related to Al-OH (phengite), and Fe-OH and Mg-OH bonds (phlogopite/actinolite). Our study shows that possible mineralized phlogopite schists can be distinguished from other sterile rocks, although point spectral analysis does not separate emerald-bearing phlogopite schists from schists without emerald due to the dominance of major phlogopite absorption features rather than emerald features.

Abstract The Vieirópolis pegmatite field is characterized by amazonite pegmatites inserted in the Borborema Province. The Serra Branca pegmatite is hosted by the Serra Branca granites, which intruded partially the Serra Negra granites, and stands out by its amazonite mineralization. To comprehend the crystallization conditions and the source of this pegmatite and associated Serra Branca and Serra Negra granites, petrographic, mineral chemistry, geochronological and whole-rock geochemical data were used. The Serra Branca pegmatite is Cs-, Rb-, Pb-, Nb-, and Ta-rich. The Serra Branca granites (563 ± 2 Ma) are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, crystallized under high fO2 conditions, pressure of 2.68-2.80 kbar and temperatures ranging from 667-670°C, with many zircon grains showing inherited cores of Paleoproterozoic ages. The Serra Negra granites (594 ± 4 Ma) comprises metaluminous granites crystallized under high fO2 conditions, temperatures within 711-751°C, pressure varying from 4.72 to 5.42 kbar. Both granites resulted from distinct partial melting degrees of a source similar to the Caicó Complex orthogneisses. The Serra Branca pegmatite geochemical data suggests that it was originated by extreme fractionation of the Serra Branca granites magma. The Serra Branca amazonite pegmatite is the first pegmatite mineralogically and geochemically characterized as Nb-Y-F (NYF)-type from the gadolinite subtype in the Borborema Province.

ABSTRACT Background: the study of emotions is important because of the way they interact in the reality of the individual, their daily life, in each individual experience, and particularly in its family environment. Objective: to characterize the relationship between emotional expression and family functioning of Angolan children from 8 to 10 years old, from a correlational study. Methods: a descriptive-correlational study was carried out in the municipality of Kuito, province of Bié, Republic of Angola, from September to July 2016. Theoretical methods were used: analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, historical-logical and systemic-structural; empirical ones: observation and interview for the application of psychological assessment instruments: questionnaire of childhood emotions and test of perception of family functioning. Results: about the frequency, in which emotions were expressed in schoolchildren, the intermediate response "sometimes" predominated in most emotions; among the pleasures they mentioned joy; while the unpleasant ones were anxiety and sadness, expressed from manifestations of extra verbal and verbal nature. In functional families, semi-expressive and expressive styles prevailed, while dysfunctional styles were distinguished by using a repressive or unadjusted expressive style, with the prevalence of authoritarianism and permissiveness. Conclusions: emotional expression and its relationship with family functioning in children aged 8 to 10 years of Kuito-Bié, Republic of Angola was characterized and a direct link between pleasurable emotions and functional families was determined, while most of the unpleasant emotions are present in dysfunctional family environments.

RESUMEN Fundamento: el estudio de las emociones es importante por la manera en que interactúan en la realidad del individuo, su vida cotidiana, en cada experiencia individual, y particularmente en su entorno familiar. Objetivo: caracterizar la relación entre expresión emocional y funcionamiento familiar de los niños angolanos de 8 a 10 años, a partir de un estudio correlacional. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo-correlacional en el municipio de Kuito, provincia de Bié, República de Angola, entre septiembre y julio de 2016. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico y el sistémico-estructural; empíricos: la observación y la entrevista para la aplicación de los instrumentos de evaluación psicológica: cuestionario de emociones infantiles y prueba de percepción del funcionamiento familiar. Resultados: acerca de la frecuencia con que se manifestaron las emociones en los escolares, predominó la respuesta intermedia “algunas veces” en la mayoría de las emociones; entre las placenteras mencionaron la alegría; mientras que las displacenteras fueron la ansiedad y la tristeza, expresadas a partir de manifestaciones de índole extraverbal y verbal. En las familias funcionales prevalecieron los estilos semiexpresivo y expresivo, mientras que las disfuncionales se distinguen por emplear un estilo represivo o expresivo desajustado, con prevalencia del autoritarismo y la permisividad. Conclusiones: se caracterizó la expresión emocional y su relación con el funcionamiento familiar en niños de 8 a 10 años de Kuito-Bié, República se Angola y se determinó un vínculo directo entre emociones placenteras y familias funcionales, mientras la mayoría de las emociones displacenteras se manifiestan en entornos familiares disfuncionales.

Abstract The Paraná deposit, located at Southwestern Rio Grande do Norte state, in Brazil, is one of the few emerald deposits found at Borborema Province. The mineralization occurs in phlogopite schists and actinolite-phlogopite schists associated with pegmatites and albitites within the Portalegre Shear Zone. Unlike other well-known Brazilian emerald deposits, the mineralogy of Paraná emeralds has remained poorly investigated for the last 40 years. In this study, we conducted mineralogical characterization of theses emeralds through gemological testing, mineral chemistry, absorption and reflectance spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The Paraná emeralds are bluish-green colored, characterized by high refractive index, several two-phase fluid inclusions and mica is the main mineral inclusion. Electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses detected the presence of Fe2+ (0.43-1.94 wt.% FeO) and Cr3+ (0.04-0.14 wt.% Cr2O3) as the main chromophores replacing octahedral Al3+ in the crystal structure. In addition, substantial amounts of MgO (0.40-2.72 wt.%), Na2O (0.50-1.81 wt.%), and Cs2O (0.07-0.44 wt.%) were also identified. The main causes for its coloration were attributed to Cr3+ absorption features in visible spectral range, which were corroborated by absorption and reflectance spectra. The presence of types I and II H2O at channel-sites was recorded in Fourier-transform infrared spectra and demonstrated by dehydration processes observed in different thermal and thermogravimetric analyses.

Abstract reflectance spectroscopy is a fast tool for mineral identification and classification. We conducted spectral characterization of elbaite samples (n = 30) from Seridó Pegmatite Province, Borborema Province, NE Brazil, using a FieldSpec portable instrument and geochemical data from electron probe microanalysis. Visual interpretation of reflectance spectra reveals the absorption features in the visible to near infrared (350-1,200 nm) range related to the electronic transition processes of iron (e.g., ~720, ~1,180 nm), copper (e.g., ~694, ~922 nm) and manganese (e.g., ~400, ~520 nm) ions. In general, electron probe microanalysis data show correlation with the absorption features related to chromophore elements (e.g., Cu, Fe, Mn), but the complex crystal structure of the tourmalines also accounts for the generation of absorption features. Vibrational processes in the short-wave infrared (1,200-2,500 nm) spectral range appear associated with Mn-OH, OH, Al-OH, H2O and B-OH bonds. A statistical approach, using principal component analysis, was chosen for distinguishing tourmalines of different composition. We discriminated tourmalines characterized by green, blue, blue-green, red/purple colors, as well as the colorless ones. This included the Paraíba tourmaline, a high value variety of elbaite that is the focus of exploration carried out in Seridó Pegmatite Province.

Introducción. La entrada del rotavirus a la célula implica un mecanismo de múltiples pasos; las proteínas virales externas interaccionan con cuatro diferentes integrinas y Hsc70. Recientemente reportamos que la infección por rotavirus disminuye cuando se bloquea la proteína disulfuro-isomerasa de la superficie celular, lo que sugiere su interacción con el rotavirus en el proceso de entrada. Objetivo. Establecer la interacción del rotavirus con la proteína disulfuro-isomerasa en un sistema in vitro utilizando la proteína aislada de hígado bovino y, en un sistema celular, utilizando vellosidades intestinales de ratón y células MA104. Materiales y métodos. Se aisló la proteína disulfuro-isomerasa a partir de un homogenizado de hígado bovino utilizando anticuerpos anti-proteína disulfuro-isomerasa acoplados a agarosa mediante enlace hidrazona. La proteína disulfuro-isomerasa purificada se examinó por SDS-PAGE y Western blot y se utilizó para estudiar su interacción in vitro con rotavirus. Esta interacción se comparó con aquella observada en células MA104 y en las vellosidades intestinales de ratón. Resultados. La proteína disulfuro-isomerasa purificada mostró homogeneidad electroforética y fue capaz de unirse a rotavirus en un sistema in vitro. La interacción proteína-rotavirus fue detectada por ELISA de captura usando la proteína disulfuro-isomerasa bovina purificada y rotavirus de las cepas RRV y silvestre ECwt. La interacción de partículas de rotavirus purificadas con la proteína disulfuro-isomerasa celular se evidenció con ELISA, usando lisado celular después de la inoculación viral. Conclusión. La interacción rotavirus-proteína disulfuro-isomerasa fue demostrada in vitro, en células MA104 y en vellosidades intestinales de ratón lactante.

Introduction. Rotavirus entry process involves a multi-step mechanism, the first of which is when the outermost viral proteins interact with four different integrins and Hsc70. Recently, rotavirus infection reportedly has been decreased after blocking cell surface protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). This suggested that this protein interacts with rotavirus during the entry process. Objectives. The aim was to establish the rotavirus-PDI interaction in an in vitro system using PDI isolated from bovine liver, and in a cell system consisting of MA104 cells and mouse small intestinal villi. Materials and methods. Protein disulfide isomerase was isolated from a bovine liver homogenate using anti-PDI antibodies coupled to agarose through hydrazone bonds. Purity of purified protein was assessed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The purified PDI was used to study its in vitro interaction with the rotavirus particles. This interaction was compared with that taking place in MA104 cells and small intestinal villi isolated from sucking mice ICR. Results. The purified PDI showed an electrophoretic homogeneity and was able to bind rotavirus particles in vitro. Rotavirus-PDI interaction was detected by capture ELISA using purified protein and rotavirus strains RRV and wild-type ECwt. Interaction between rotavirus particles and cellular PDI was detected by ELISA using cell lysates after virus inoculation. Conclusions. Rotavirus-PDI interaction was demonstrated in vitro as well as inMA104 cells and intestinal villi from suckling mice.

This article gathers together data on the occurrence, production and economic importance of gem deposits in Brazil, including specific information on the major deposits. Of the 100 or so different types of gemstones found in the country, the most important in terms of production and/or originality are tourmalines, topaz, opals, varieties of quartz (agate, amethyst and citrine) and emeralds. Brazil is also one of the only producers in the world of imperial topaz and Paraíba tourmaline. The country also produces diamonds, rubies and sapphires on a smaller scale. Gem production in Brazil is, for the most part, carried out by prospectors and a handful of mining companies, reducing the capacity of the government to control the production and sale of gemstones. Another factor that tends to drive the industry to operate outside the law is the high tax burden, which is as high as 53% on the sale of jewelry and 25% on uncut or polished stones. Owing to the geographical distribution of gemstone deposits and the enormous size of the country, Brazil is divided into four gem-producing areas. In the Northeast there are primarily deposits of emerald, amethyst, citrine, hyaline quartz, elbaite, aquamarine, garnet, morganite and opal. The Central region is characterized primarily by emerald and diamond deposits, whereas in the South deposits and occurrences of amethyst, citrine, agate and diamond are found. The East is characterized mainly by the presence of gemstones associated with pegmatites and hydrothermal veins, Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary placer deposits and isolated concentrations of diamonds. Gem production in Brazil mainly occurs in the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goiás. The State of Minas Gerais is the largest producer and exporter of gemstones in the country and is responsible for 74% of the official production, which includes imperial topaz, beryl, tourmaline, spondumene and brazilianite. The State of Bahia produces mainly emeralds, amethyst and aquamarines and is the second largest producer of uncut colored stones after the State of Grande do Sul, which is one of the most important producers in the world of two of these: namely agate and amethyst. The State of Mato Grosso produces garnet, topaz, zircon, diopside, varieties of quartz and tourmaline on a smaller scale. The State of Goiás mainly produces emeralds, along with garnet, topaz, quartz (citrine and amethyst) and tourmalines. Natural diamond production is also significant in Goiás and Mato Grosso, where diamonds have been being unearthed by prospectors since the beginning of the 20th century. At present, the best prospects for diamond production in these states are to be found in kimberlites. Of the wide diversity of gems produced, some, such as the Paraíba tourmalines and the opal from Piauí, are renowned around the world for their originality and gemological properties.

El presente artículo reúne datos de localización, producción e importancia económica de los yacimientos de piedras preciosas en Brasil, así como información específica para los yacimientos de mayor relevancia económica. Entre los aproximadamente 100 diferentes tipos de gemas que se encuentran en el país, las más importantes en cuanto a producción y/u originalidad, son turmalina, topacio, ópalos, las diversas variedades de cuarzo (ágata, amatista y citrino) y esmeralda. Además, Brasil es uno de los productores en el mundo de topacio imperial y turmalina Paraíba y produce diamante, rubí y zafro a pequeña escala. La producción brasileña de piedras preciosas se realiza generalmente por mineros independientes y por unas pocas empresas mineras, por lo que el Estado ejerce un escaso control oficial efectivo sobre la producción y comercialización de gemas. Otro factor que contribuye a esta informalidad es la elevada carga fiscal en el medio, que alcanzó el 53% del valor de las ventas de joyería y el 25% de las ventas de piedras preciosas naturales o lapidadas. Debido a la extensa distribución geográfica de los depósitos de gemas en Brasil, por el gran tamaño del país, éste está dividido en cuatro sub-provincias gemológicas. En la provincia del Nordeste destacan los depósitos de esmeralda, amatista, citrino, cuarzo hialino, elbaíta, aguamarina, granates, morganita y ópalo. La provincia Central se caracteriza principalmente por la ocurrencia de esmeraldas y diamantes, mientras que en la del Sur predominan los depósitos y las ocurrencias de amatista, citrino, ágata y diamantes. La provincia del Este, por su parte, se caracteriza principalmente por sus mineralizaciones en pegmatitas y vetas hidrotermales y por depósitos sedimentarios del Plio-Pleistoceno de placeres de diamante. La producción de piedras preciosas en Brasil se concentra en los estados de Minas Gerais, Bahía, Río Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso y Goiás. Minas Gerais es el mayor productor y exportador de piedras preciosas en el país, lo que representa 74% de la producción oficial, incluyendo topacio imperial, berilo, turmalina, espodumena y brasilianita. El estado de Baía produce principalmente esmeralda, amatista y aguamarina, siendo considerado el segundo mayor productor de gemas brutas tras el estado del Río Grande do Sul, uno de los más importantes productores mundiales de ágata y amatista. El Estado de Mato Grosso produce, a pequeña escala, granate, topacio, zircón, diópsido y variedades de cuarzo y turmalina. En Goiás destaca la producción de esmeraldas y de granate, topacio, cuarzo (amatista y citrino) y turmalina. En cuanto a los diamantes en bruto también merecen mención los yacimientos de Goiás y Mato Grosso, que son producidos desde principios del siglo XX por mineros independientes. Hoy en día, las mejores perspectivas para la producción de diamantes en esos estados provienen de kimberlitas. Entre la variedad de gemas producidas en Brasil, por su originalidad y propiedades gemológicas, destacan en el mundo la turmalina Paraíba y el ópalo del Piauí.

A mineralogia do solo constitui uma excelente ferramenta para o conhecimento e a avaliação da gênese do solo e do seu comportamento físico e químico, além de ser um dos parâmetros utilizados na distinção de classes do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos e um indicativo da reserva potencial mineral de nutrientes para as plantas. Nesse contexto, este trabalho apresenta a caracterização mineralógica das frações cascalho, areia grossa e areia fina (sob lupa binocular e microscópio petrográfico) e das frações silte e argila (difratometria de raios X) de todos os horizontes do solo, e o estudo petrográfico da rocha matriz, a partir dos quais estabelece considerações sobre a evolução mineralógica de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, típico da Zona Úmida Costeira do Estado de Pernambuco. As frações grossas ao longo de todo o Argissolo estudado são constituídas, essencialmente, por quartzo (> 95 %) anguloso a muito anguloso, o que denota a ausência de transporte de material na formação desse tipo de solo. Foram observados fragmentos de rocha (constituídos por quartzo, feldspatos e minerais opacos), feldspatos e biotita que apresentam alteração intempérica mais evidente nos horizontes mais superficiais, além de minerais opacos, como magnetita e hematita, e traços de clorita, zircão, epidotos e apatita, todos de mineralogia compatível com a rocha matriz. A fração silte é constituída por minerais do grupo das micas, dos feldspatos, do quartzo e da caulinita, além da clorita observada apenas nos horizontes mais inferiores. A fração argila mostrou a mesma mineralogia da fração silte, sendo ainda detectados minerais interestratificados nos horizontes mais inferiores. A petrografia da rocha matriz mostrou que esta é um biotita-gnaisse de granulometria média, constituído por feldspatos (plagioclásio, pertita e microclina), quartzo, biotita e, como acessórios, epidotos, zircão e minerais opacos. A análise dos resultados permite concluir que o Argissolo estudado é autóctone, bem desenvolvido e altamente intemperizado devido às condições de clima, relevo e vegetação, apresentando baixa reserva potencial mineral de nutrientes para as plantas.

Soil mineralogy is an important tool to study and understand soil genesis and soil physical and chemical behavior. Furthermore, soil mineralogy is used as diagnostic criterion to define soil classes in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification and provides information on the potential soil mineral reserve of plant nutrients. In this context, this study presents the mineralogical characterization of gravel, fine and coarse sand fractions (under a binocular lens and petrographic microscope), and of the silt and clay fractions (by X ray diffraction) of all soil horizons, and the petrographic study of the parent rock, aiming to understand the mineralogical evolution of a typical Ultisol of the Coastal Humid Zone of Pernambuco State. The coarse fractions of the studied Ultisol are formed, essentially, by angular shaped quartz (> 95 %), demonstrating the absence of transported materials during soil formation. Rock fragments (formed by quartz, feldspars and opaque minerals), feldspars and biotite, with more evident weathering in the surface horizons, were also observed and are mineralogically compatible with the parent rock. The silt fraction is composed by micas, feldspars, quartz and kaolinite. Chlorite is only observed in the deeper horizons. The clay fraction has the same mineralogy as observed for the silt fraction, and still there are interstratified minerals in the bottom horizons. The parent rock is biotite-gneiss of medium granulometry, formed by feldspars (plagioclase, perthite and microcline), quartz and biotite, with epidotes, zircon and opaque minerals as accessory minerals. The results showed that the studied Ultisol is autochthonous and highly weathered, due to the humid tropical climatic conditions, and has a very low potential mineral reserve of plant nutrients.

A través del modelo lineal clásico de Gauss-Markov, se caracteriza el modelo de efectos mixtos, se aplica la técnica de multiplicadores de Lagrange para obtener los mejores predictores lineales (BLUP) y se ilustran los resultados de Searle (1997), donde se encuentra que las sumas de los BLUP, cuando se evalúan sobre los efectos aleatorios (exceptuando las interacciones provenientes únicamente de efectos aleatorios), son iguales a cero, encontrándose con esto una analogía entre la reparametrización F-restricción que se hace sobre los modelos de efectos fijos y la forma general de la restricción que se hace sobre los modelos de efectos mixtos. Se lleva a cabo una ilustración en modelos cruzados con los resultados expuestos en Gaona (2000), donde se evaluó la ganancia de peso en novillos de ganado criollo sanmartiniano; adicionalmente para modelos jerárquicos se ilustra con los resultados presentados en Harville & Fenech (1985), correspondientes a mediciones de las ganancias en peso de un grupo de ovejos machos. Se observa de los resultados que en el modelo usual de análisis de varianza para modelos mixtos, ciertas sumas de los predictores lineales insesgados (BLUP), asociados a los efectos aleatorios, son iguales a cero si se tiene un modelo con una sola variable respuesta. Sin embargo, esta propiedad se pierde cuando se tienen evaluaciones diferentes en la misma unidad experimental, las cuales van a estar correlacionadas. Un caso diferente resulta en estudios longitudinales como se muestra empíricamente en la sección 5.3.

The mixed linear model is characterized using the classic linear model of Gauss-Markov. The multipliers of Lagrange are a tool to obtain the best lineal predictors (BLUP), we shown the results of Searle (1997), where some sums of the best linear unbiased predictors of random effects are zero. This characteristic is similar with the reparametrization F-restriction in the fixed linear models. We present an illustration based on results of Gaona (2000) in crossed classification with the data measured in young bulls sanmartiniano, and other example in hierarchical models with the results presented in Harville & Fenech (1985) corresponding to mensurations of weight of a group of male sheep. In the usual model of analysis of variance for mixed models, some sums of the unbiased lineal predictors (BLUP) associated to random effects are zero when the model has a single variable answer, however, this property does not work in cases in which there are different evaluations in the same experimental unit, which will be correlated.

The egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus insularis Cresson is a key parasitoid of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) during the second field generation in the upper Magdalena River Basin, Colombia. In spite of selection pressure, the higher susceptibility of the second generation fall armyworm larvae to insecticides, compared with that of the first generation, suggests that the parasitism may be responsible for the apparent difference in susceptibility. Parasitized and non-parasitized 2nd-instar larvae of the fall armyworm were tested for susceptibility to chlorpyriphos, methomyl, cypermethrin, and Bacillus thuringiensis in the laboratory, using the leaf dip test. Parasitized larvae were up to 3.93 times more susceptible to chlorpyriphos, 3.71 times to methomyl, and 14.11 times to cypermethrin than non-parasitized larvae. The least effect of parasitism on susceptibility was found for B. thuringiensis. We discuss the negative influence of synthetic insecticide on the parasitoid population dynamics and its impact on insecticide resistance.

El parasitoide huevo-larva Chelonus insularis Cresson es un parasitoide clave del cogollero del maíz, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) durante la segunda generación de campo en el Valle Superior del Río Magdalena de Colombia. A pesar de la presión de selección se encuentra una susceptibilidad mayor a insecticidas en la segunda generación, comparado con la primera, siendo para esto la única diferencia aparente el parasitismo. Por esta razón, la susceptibilidad a clorpirifos, metomyl, cipermetrina y Bacillus thuringiensis de larvas parasitadas y no parasitadas del segundo instar del cogollero fueron evaluadas, utilizando el test de inmersión foliar. Las larvas parasitadas fueron 3,93 veces más suscptibles a clorpirifos, 3,71 veces más a metomyl y 14,11 veces más a cipermetrina que las no parasitadas. El menor efecto del parasitismo sobre la susceptibilidad se encontró con B. thuringiensis. Se discute la influencia negativa de las aplicaciones de insecticidas sintéticos sobre la dinámica poblacional del parasitoide, lo mismo que sus implicaciones en estudios de resistencia.