Sequential extraction is not totally effective to dissolve distinct forms of trace elements. The extractive solution, for example, can dissolve less of the target fraction and more than another not wished fraction. The goal of this work is to compare the extraction of native iron with three sequential extraction methods of the heavy metals, using three soils with different physical chemistry characteristics: a histosol, an oxisol, and a mollisol. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that a smaller relation soil/extractor results in a larger extraction in almost all phases. The use of many stages of the sequential extraction, with the purpose of more association of the metal with different components of the soil, can result, among other things, in modification of the substratum by the action of the reagents used, besides reducing the selectivity of the more specific extractors. Readsorption and redistribution of the heavy metals could have happened with larger intensity in the fraction where hidroxilamine was used with higher temperature. Sequential extraction of iron, without enrichment of soil samples, in the respective fractions in each method, it was important to better understand the behavior of the reagents considered specific to each form of the metal in soil.

A contaminação de águas subterrâneas por combustível derivado de petróleo tem sido objeto de crescente pesquisa no Brasil. Os compostos benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX), presentes nesses combustíveis, são extremamente tóxicos à saúde humana e podem inviabilizar a exploração de aqüíferos por eles contaminados. Neste trabalho, foi feita uma avaliação da qualidade da água de poço de algumas residências do Bairro Brisa Mar, Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, quanto à presença dos micropoluentes BTEX após dois anos da ocorrência de um vazamento de gasolina do tanque de armazenamento de combustível. Os resultados mostraram que dos dez poços avaliados, apenas dois encontram-se com valores de BTEX acima do recomendado pela Portaria 1.469/2000 do Ministério de Saúde, em que o teor máximo permitido para o benzeno é de 5µg.L-1. Em quatro poços há contaminação por nitrato, que é responsável pela indução da metemoglobinemia. Foram estudados também os possíveis mecanismos de atenuação natural (biodegradação intrínseca) envolvendo os aceptores de elétron.

Increasing attention is current focused on urban groundwater contamination with gasoline hydrocarbon compounds in Brazil. The compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) contained in fuels are highly toxic and can have severe public health consequences, besides posing the risk of intake from the water table by way of contamination. After two years of a steady gasoline storage tank leak, water samples from private household wells in the district of Brisa Mar, Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro State, were analyzed and the concentration of BTEX compounds was evaluated. Two out of ten water samples from the study area presented BTEX concentrations above the National Water Quality Standard (Brazilian Health Ministry Ruling No. 1469/2000), in which the maximum permissible benzene concentration is 5µg.L-1. Four others wells were also contaminated with nitrate, responsible for the induction of methemoglobinemia. Natural attenuation (intrinsic biodegradation) mechanisms through electron acceptors was also investigated in this study.

A contaminação de águas subterrâneas por combustível derivado de petróleo tem sido objeto de crescente pesquisa no Brasil. Os compostos benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX), presentes nesses combustíveis, são extremamente tóxicos à saúde humana e podem inviabilizar a exploração de aqüíferos por eles contaminados. Neste trabalho, foi feita uma avaliação da qualidade da água de poço de algumas residências do Bairro Brisa Mar, Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, quanto à presença dos micropoluentes BTEX após dois anos da ocorrência de um vazamento de gasolina do tanque de armazenamento de combustível. Os resultados mostraram que dos dez poços avaliados, apenas dois encontram-se com valores de BTEX acima do recomendado pela Portaria 1.469/2000 do Ministério de Saúde, em que o teor máximo permitido para o benzeno é de 5µg.L-1. Em quatro poços há contaminação por nitrato, que é responsável pela indução da metemoglobinemia. Foram estudados também os possíveis mecanismos de atenuação natural (biodegradação intrínseca) envolvendo os aceptores de elétron.

Increasing attention is current focused on urban groundwater contamination with gasoline hydrocarbon compounds in Brazil. The compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) contained in fuels are highly toxic and can have severe public health consequences, besides posing the risk of intake from the water table by way of contamination. After two years of a steady gasoline storage tank leak, water samples from private household wells in the district of Brisa Mar, Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro State, were analyzed and the concentration of BTEX compounds was evaluated. Two out of ten water samples from the study area presented BTEX concentrations above the National Water Quality Standard (Brazilian Health Ministry Ruling No. 1469/2000), in which the maximum permissible benzene concentration is 5µg.L-1. Four others wells were also contaminated with nitrate, responsible for the induction of methemoglobinemia. Natural attenuation (intrinsic biodegradation) mechanisms through electron acceptors was also investigated in this study.

This paper provides a review on separation methods and analytical techniques for the determination of several species of organic and inorganic arsenic in different matrices. Arsenic is an element whose speciation is of particular interest due to the great variation of toxicity levels exhibited for its different chemical forms. Arsenic (III) and As (V) are the most toxic species while organic compounds such as arsenobetaine (AsB), produced by methylation of inorganics species (carcinogenics) are relatively less toxic, hence the great importance of arsenic speciation in the determination of the degree of contamination of an environmental or biological system.