Resumo O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar uma avaliação da hierarquia urbana de uma sub-região da Amazônia Brasileira, o Delta do rio Amazonas. A proposta é analisar as cidades do Delta que disponibilizam aos seus moradores, ou mesmo aos moradores de cidades adjacentes, acesso a serviços básicos (infraestrutura) e emprego. Os resultados foram produzidos utilizando: dados do censo, dados da Lista Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), número de estabelecimentos industriais (Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Pará - FIEPA), ano em que as cidades foram fundadas, distância das cidades para as capitais dos Estados e número de agências bancárias. Foi criado um índice geral que permitiu definir o grau de conexão entre as cidades e propor uma hierarquia urbana na região do Delta. Independentemente de diferentes processos históricos, idade, tamanho e importância na Rede Urbana Regional, as cidades do Delta podem ser comparadas em termos de infraestrutura disponível para sua população. Ao mesmo tempo, as cidades pequenas experimentam um crescimento significativo da população e uma expansão das áreas urbanas sem investimento proporcional às suas necessidades.

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to present an evaluation of the urban hierarchy of a sub-region of the Brazilian Amazon Region, the Delta of the Amazon River. We analyzed the Delta cities regarding their ability to provide access to basic services (infrastructure) and employment to their residents, or even the residents of adjacent towns. The results were produced using data from: census, the Annual List of Social Information (RAIS), the number of industrial establishments (Federation of Industries of the State of Pará - FIEPA), the year the cities were founded, distance from the cities to the state capitals, and the number of bank branches. A general index was created, and it allowed defining to what degree the cities were connected, and proposing an urban hierarchy at the Delta Region. Regardless of different historical processes, age, size and importance in the Regional Urban Network, the cities of the Delta can be compared in terms of infrastructure available to their population. At the same time, small cities are experiencing significant population growth, and expansion of urban areas without investment proportional to their needs.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of human amniotic membrane (hAM) fragment on inflammatory response, proliferation of fibroblast and organization of collagen fibers in injured tendon. Methods: Sixty rats were divided into 3 groups: C - surgical procedures without tendon lesion and with simulation of hAM application; I - surgical procedures, tendon injury and simulation of hAM application; T - surgical procedures, tendon injury and hAM application. These groups were subdivided into four experimental times (3, 7, 14 and 28 days). The samples underwent histological analysis and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Results: Histological analysis at 14 days, the T group showed collagen fibers with better alignment. At 28 days, the I group presented the characteristics described for the T group at 14 days, while this group presented aspects of a mature connective tissue. FT-IR analysis showed a clear distinction among the three groups at all experimental times and groups T and I presented more similarities to each other than to group C. Conclusion: Acute injury of tendon treated with human amniotic membrane fragment showed a faster healing process, reduction in inflammatory response, intense proliferation of fibroblasts and organization of collagen fibers.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of Brassica oleracea herbal balsam on the healing of skin wounds in rats. METHODS: Twenty four rats (Wistar, 60 days, 250 g) were divided into four groups: untreated animals (C) and treated with the ointment (T), subdivided into two experimental times (seven and 16 days). A 3cm² skin wound was made in the back of all animals. 100 ml of the Brassica oleracea was applied twice a day in T group. Biometric analysis was made with images captured at one, four, seven, ten, 13, and 16 days. At seven and 16 days, animals of each group were euthanized. The wound area removed was processed for histological and histomorphometric analysis to quantify birefringent collagen fibers. Statistical analysis was made considering p < 0.05 as significant. RESULTS: Biometric analysis revealed no significant differences between groups in both experimental times studied. However, histomorphometric analysis showed that the number of type I collagen fibers was significantly higher in the specimens of the group T16 compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: Brassica oleracea accelerated the wound healing process increasing the number of type I collagen fibers and the maturity of the newly formed tissue.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi de identificar e classificar os fototipos de pele através de mensurações fotoacústicas (PA) utilizada para caracterizar a pele em função da amplitude do sinal observado in vivo. Participaram do estudo cinquenta e sete mulheres voluntárias que incialmente foram avaliadas e classificadas de acordo com o fototipo da pele (classificação de Fritzpatrick). Foram realizadas medidas nas regiões interna e externa de ambos os antebraços, após a limpeza do mesmo com álcool 70%. As voluntárias foram classificadas de acordo com o sinal fotoacústico, em seguida comparados com a classificação proposta recentemente por Baumann. A comparação entre o sinal PA das faces interna e externa do antebraço mostra uma diferença altamente significativa (p < 0,005), atribuída ao maior nível de pigmentação da pele da região continuamente expostos à radiação solar, demonstrando que a constituição do aspecto da pele é influenciada pelo nível de exposição ao sol. A comparação entre os fototipos foi realizada separadamente para as faces interna e externa do antebraço. Os resultados mostram que o nível (amplitude) do sinal PA para a parte interna do antebraço tende a seguir a classificação em fototipos, permitindo também a divisão de voluntários em dois grupos, conforme o nível de pigmentação, seguindo assim a classificação recentemente proposta por Baumann. Assim, a metodologia fotoacústica apresentada permite uma classificação objetiva, numérica, dos tipos de pele.

The aim of the present work was to classify and identify skin phototypes through in vivo photoacoustic (PA) measurements. Fifty-seven female volunteers took part in the study, being clinically evaluated and classified according to skin phototype (Fitzpatrick classification). After cleaning the skin area to be measured, the PA signal level was obtained for the inner and outer faces of both forearms. Volunteers were then classified according to the respective PA signal amplitude; subsequently, this classification was compared to the phototype classification and to the recently proposed Baumann classification. Comparison between the PA signal of the inner and outer faces of the forearm shows a highly significant statistical difference (p < 0.005), attributed to the higher pigmentation level of the skin region continuously exposed to solar radiation, demonstrating that skin constitution and aspect are influenced by the level of sun exposure. Comparison among phototypes was performed separately for the inner and outer faces of the forearm. The results show that the PA signal level (amplitude) for the inner forearm tends to scale with skin phototype, also allowing the division of the volunteers in two groups, according to their pigmentation levels and also following the recent Baumann classification. In this way, the photoacoustic methodology presented allows an objective, numerical classification of the skin types.