Introduction: The Health and Nutrition National Survey (ENSANUT) reports the panorama of the national and state nutritional epidemiology in Mexico. However, there are no reports of the capital cities of the country. The objective of this report was to evaluate the health and nutritional condition in a sample of the population of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Material and Methods: Transversal, retrospective and descriptive study that used the methodological and diagnostic guidelines of ENSANUT, WHO and Official Mexican Standards. To know malnutrition, normal weight and overweight prevalence, hypertension probable cases (CPHA) and diabetes mellitus probable cases (CPDM) were determined and anthropometric measurements were performed. SPSS 20.0 and Excel 2013 were used to calculate proportions and the results were expressed in prevalence. Results: 4,324 subjects were evaluated (644 pre-school pupils, 1,881 school pupils, 133 adolescents and 1,666 adults). In adults the prevalence of CPHA and CPDM were 11.8% and 10.2%, respectively. For pre-school pupils the prevalence of low weight, emaciation and low height were 0.4%, 0.7% and 2.7%, respectively. For school pupils, adolescents and adults malnutrition prevalence was 3.3%, 2.2% and 1.2% respectively. The prevalence of normal weight and overweight in pre-school pupils, school pupils, adolescents and adults was 54.6%, 45.5%, 48.1%, 20.7% and 16.1%, 51%, 49.5% y 77.9%, respectively. Conclusions: High prevalence of diabetes mellitus probable cases in men and low prevalence of malnutrition in all ages were observed. The prevalence of overweight in pre-school pupils, school pupils and adolescents was higher than the national and estate average.

Introducción: La Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT) reporta el panorama actual de la epidemiología nutricional nacional y estatal en México. Sin embargo, no existen reportes nutricionales de las capitales de los estados mexicanos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el estado de salud y nutrición en habitantes de Mérida, Yucatán, México. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo que utilizó los lineamientos metodológicos y diagnósticos de la ENSANUT, OMS y Normas Oficiales Mexicanas. Se determinaron casos probables de hipertensión arterial sistémica (CPHA), casos probables de diabetes mellitus (CPDM) y se realizaron mediciones antropométricas para establecer prevalencias de desnutrición, normopeso y exceso de peso. Se utilizó SPSS 20.0 y Excel 2013 para calcular proporciones y expresar los resultados en prevalencias. Resultados: Se evaluaron 4.324 sujetos (644 preescolares, 1.881 escolares, 133 adolescentes y 1.666 adultos). En adultos, la prevalencia de CPHA fue 11,8% y la de CPDM 10,2%. En preescolares las prevalencias de bajo peso, emaciación y talla baja fueron 0,4%, 0,7% y 2,7%, respectivamente. En escolares, adolescentes y adultos las prevalencias de desnutrición fueron 3,3%, 2,2% y 1,2%, respectivamente. Las proporciones de normopeso y de exceso de peso en preescolares, escolares, adolescentes y adultos fueron 54,6%, 45,5%, 48,1% y 20,7% y del 16,1%, 51%, 49,5% y 77,9%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se evidenciaron altas prevalencias de casos probables de diabetes mellitus en hombres y bajas prevalencias de desnutrición en todas las edades. La proporción de exceso de peso en menores de 20 años fue mayor a lo reportado tanto a nivel nacional como estatal.

RESUMO: Sorvete é um produto cuja formulação requer quantidades consideráveis de açúcar. Além de proporcionar o sabor, o açúcar contribui para as propriedades físico-químicas do sorvete, mas o seu consumo em grandes quantidades está relacionada com as doenças crônicas, como diabetes e obesidade. Por essa razão, a indústria alimentícia buscou formular produtos com adoçantes para manter as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto original. Stevia rebaudiana é uma planta que contém naturalmente glicosídeos sem calorias com alta capacidade adoçante, cujo consumo é considerado seguro. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do açúcar por diferentes níveis de extratos de S. rebaudiana Morita II e Criolla, sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do sorvete de morango. Usando um modelo experimental de fator 2x2, um total de 4 formulações foram preparadas com 2 níveis de concentração de extrato aquoso de Stevia rebaudiana (5 ou 8%) e a variedade de Stevia (Morita II ou Criolla). Os produtos processados foram submetidos a análises proximais e físico-químicas, e avaliação sensorial foi realizada para três deles. A análise do sorvete de morango teve uma variação estatisticamente significativa (P<0,05), dependendo da variedade e do nível utilizado na formulação. A viscosidade da mistura de sorvete diminuía com o aumento da velocidade de corte, indicando um comportamento pseudoplástico. A análise sensorial mostrou que não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre as formulações avaliadas e a pontuação de todos os produtos estava acima do ponto de indiferença, indicando que todos eles podem ter um potencial comercial.

ABSTRACT: Ice cream is a product whose formulation requires considerable amounts of sugar. In addition to providing flavor, sugar contributes to the physicochemical characteristics of ice cream but its consumption in large quantities is related to chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. For this reason, the food industry seeks to formulate products with sweeteners that preserve the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the original product. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with no calories and high sweetening capacity and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of replacing sugar with different levels of extracts of S. rebaudiana Morita II and Criolla, on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream. Using a 2x2 factorial experimental design, a total of 4 formulations were prepared with two levels of concentration of the aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (5 or 8%) and the variety of S. rebaudiana (Morita II or Criolla). Proximate composition, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation were determined in processed products. The proximate analysis of strawberry ice cream varied significantly (P<0.05) depending of variety and level used on the formulation. The viscosities of all ice cream mixes were decreasing as the shear rate was increased, indicating a pseudoplastic behavior. The sensory analysis showed differences (P<0.05) among the formulations tested, however the score of all products were above the indifference point, suggesting that all of these formulations may have a commercial potential.

The consumption of gummy candy is widespread among people of different ages but mainly by children. The formulation of this product requires sugar that contributes to their flavor and consistency, but with the undesirable effect of increase its glycemic index and its calories from simple sugars; it is known that consumption of products with these last two characteristics are related to childhood obesity, which is a worldwide growing disease. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with high sweetening power and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this work was to develop a gummy candy reduced in calories by replacing sugar with Stevia rebaudiana B., and analyzes its texture and acceptability. Gummy candy were prepared with different percentage of sugar reduction (-20, -40, -60, -80 and -100%) and a product control (100% sugar); gummy elasticity was assess by displacement and maximum deformation, whereas resistance was evaluated by breaking strength; those gummies with better elasticity and resistance parameters underwent proximate analysis and sensory evaluations with a unstructured scale applied to 90 school children aged between 6 and 10 years old. A gummy candy reduced in calories with 60% sugar substitution with S. rebaudiana was developed; the level of satisfaction in school children was statistically the same respect to the gummy made of 100% sugar (p <0.05).

Las gomitas son golosinas de consumo difundido entre personas de diferentes edades aunque principalmente por los niños. La formulación de este producto requiere azúcar que contribuye a su sabor y consistencia, aunque con el efecto indeseable de incrementar su índice glicémico y calorías provenientes de azúcares simples; se sabe que el consumo de productos con estas dos últimas características están relacionados con la obesidad infantil, la cual es una enfermedad en crecimiento a nivel mundial. La Stevia rebaudiana es una planta que naturalmente contiene glucósidos con alto poder endulzante y que se considera segura para su consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una golosina tipo "gomita" reducida en calorías mediante la sustitución de azúcares con Stevia rebaudiana B. y analizar su textura y grado de aceptación. Se elaboraron gomitas con diferente porcentaje de reducción de azúcar (-20, -40, -60, -80 y -100%) y un producto control (100% azúcar), a las cuales se evaluó su desplazamiento y deformación máxima para evaluar la elasticidad, así como la fuerza de ruptura para determinar la resistencia; aquellas gomitas con mejores parámetros de elasticidad y resistencia se les realizaron el análisis proximal y el análisis sensorial con una escala no estructurada aplicada a 90 niños escolares con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 10 años. Se desarrolló una golosina tipo "gomita" reducida en calorías con un porcentaje de sustitución de azúcar de hasta 60% con S. rebaudiana, cuyo nivel de agrado en niños escolares fue estadísticamente igual comparado con la gomita realizada con 100% de azúcar (p<0.05).

Stevia rebaudiana leaves and their glycosides have been recently and significantly used so important as sweeteners. However, it has been reported an anti-hyperglycemic effect of the extract and a glycoside. The aim of this study was to quantify S. rebaudiana glycosides, assess cytotoxicity of the extract and its acute and chronic effect on blood glucose in animal models and in human. The glycosides of the Morita II and Criolla extract were quantified by HPLC, using a C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm and particle size of 5 uM) with UV detection at 210 nm, mobile phase of acetonitrile/sodium phosphate buffer 10 mmol/L, pH 2.6 (32:68 v/v). Cytotoxicity study was performed in Vero cells, whereas an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and a chronic consumption assay (4 weeks) were executed in an animal model of diabetes; finally the glycemic index (G.I.) was determined in healthy individuals. The glycoside content is higher in the Morita variety II although both had a CC50 >300 μg/mL. The areas under the curve of the IPGTT and fasting glucose of the animals were not significantly different (p> 0.05) and the I.G. extract was 11.11 %, which classifies the extract as low I.G. The extract of S. rebaudiana Morita II has a low glycemic index and, in the doses tested, is not cytotoxic nor has acute or chronic effect on blood sugar, which makes it a safe sweetener.

Las hojas de Stevia rebaudiana y sus glucósidos recientemente se han comenzado a utilizar de manera importante como edulcorantes. Sin embargo, existen reportes acerca del efecto antihiperglucemiante de extractos y un componente glucósido. El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar los glucósidos de S. rebaudiana, evaluar la citotoxicidad y el efecto de la administración aguda y crónica del extracto sobre la glucemia en modelos animales como en humanos. Los glucósidos de los extracto de las variedades Morita II y Criolla se cuantificaron por HPLC, empleando una columna C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm y tamaño de partícula de 5μm), con detector UV a 210 nm, fase móvil de acetonitrilo/amortiguador fosfato de sodio 10 mmol/L, pH 2.6 (32:68 v/v). Se realizó un estudio de citotoxicidad en células Vero, una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa intraperitoneal y ensayo de consumo crónico (4 semanas) en un modelo animal de diabetes y finalmente, se determinó el índice glicémico (I.G) en individuos sanos. El contenido de glucósidos fue mayor en la variedad Morita II aunque la CC50 en ambas es >300 μg/mL. Las áreas bajo la curva de la IPGTT así como la glucosa en ayuno de los animales no fueron significativamente diferentes (p>0.05) y el I.G. del extracto fue 11.11%, lo cual lo clasifica como I.G. bajo. El extracto de S. rebaudiana Morita II es de bajo índice glicémico y, en las dosis evaluadas, no es citotóxico ni posee efecto agudo o crónico sobre la glucemia, lo cual lo hace un edulcorante inocuo.