Resumo A fertilização orgânica em pomares visa a aumentar a fertilidade do solo e a impactar a produtividade das plantas e a sustentabilidade ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar os efeitos da adubação orgânica e da carga de frutos em duas cultivares de nectarina conduzidas com alta e baixa carga de frutos. O experimento foi realizado em um pomar sob manejo orgânico, em Fratta Terme, no nordeste do vale do Pó, na Itália. Foram utilizadas as cultivares de nectarina Big Top e Carene, implantadas em 2017 e enxertadas em GF677. Três níveis de composto (0; 20 e 40 t ms ha-1) foram combinados com duas cargas de frutas (baixa e alta) para estabelecer um delineamento experimental fatorial com dois fatores e quatro repetições casualizadas. Esse composto foi incorporado a 20 cm de profundidade. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: concentração de nitrato e amônio-N no solo a 20 - 40 cm de profundidade, macro e de micronutrientes nas folhas, produtividade, número de frutos, massa e diâmetro do fruto, sólidos solúveis e firmeza da polpa. O fornecimento de composto aumentou a liberação de nitrato-N no solo. Em ambas as cultivares, as concentrações de macro e de micronutrientes nas folhas não foram afetadas pela fertilização orgânica ou pela carga de frutos, exceto para o ferro, que aumentou como consequência do fornecimento de composto. A baixa carga de colheita induziu maior tamanho de fruto em ambas as variedades, que foi observado após o endurecimento do caroço. Ao mesmo tempo, a taxa de fertilização orgânica não influenciou a produtividade das árvores, a massa do fruto e os sólidos solúveis.

Abstract Organic fertilization in orchards aims at increasing soil fertility, at impacting plant productivity and environmental sustainability. This study aimed at verifying the effects of organic fertilization and fruit load on two nectarine cultivars with high and low fruit loads. The experiment was carried out in an orchard under organic management in Fratta Terme, Po valley, in northeastern Italy. Nectarine cultivars Big Top and Carene, implemented in 2017 and grafted onto GF677, were used. Three levels of compost (0, 20 and 40 t dw ha-1) were combined with two fruit loads (low and high) to set up a factorial experimental design with two factors and four randomized replicates. Compost was incorporated at 20 cm depth. The following parameters were evaluated: nitrate- and ammonium- N concentrations in soil at 20 - 40 cm depth, macro and micronutrients in leaves, tree yield, number of fruits, fruit mass and diameter, soluble solids and pulp firmness. The supply of compost enhanced nitrate-N release in soil. In both cultivars, macro- and micronutrient concentrations in leaves were not affected by organic fertilization or fruit load, except for iron, which increased as a consequence of the compost supply. Low crop load induced higher fruit size in both varieties, a fact that was observed after pit hardening. However, the organic fertilization rate did not influence tree yield, fruit mass and soluble solids.

Abstract This article offers a description of Brazil’s secondary education, characterized by two profiles: the first prepares students to enter the university, and the second trains candidates to work in technical professions. Contrary to the proposals of fundamental education, which is free and compulsory, secondary education is still for few students (with a liquid rate of 25% enrollment of the population from ages fifteen to eighteen). In spite of the goals of the National Education Plan, the inability to meet the demand represents a serious threat for projects seeking to expand this type of education. Of urgent need is a revision of the links between secondary and technical education, so that technical education at the secondary level can become a responsibility of the state and a right of all citizens.

Resumen Este trabajo ofrece una descripción de la enseñanza media en Brasil; ésta se caracteriza por dos perfiles: el primero prepara a los alumnos para el ingreso a la universidad y el segundo califica a los candidatos para el ejercicio de profesiones técnicas. Al contrario de lo que propone la enseñanza fundamental, que es gratuita y obligatoria, la media aún es para pocos (con una tasa líquida de 25% de escolaridad, en la población de 15 a 18 años de edad). A pesar de las metas del Plan Nacional de Educación, la falta de capacidad para atender tal demanda amenaza seriamente los proyectos de expansión de este tipo de formación. Asimismo, es urgente revisar las articulaciones entre enseñanza media y técnica para que la educación técnica profesional media conquiste, de hecho, el estatus de un deber del Estado y de un derecho del ciudadano.

The hospitalizations of 1,239 patients aged 14 years or less and immigrated from extra-European Union countries in Italy were assessed in the 6-year period, from 1999 to 2004. The main demographic and clinical features were analyzed according to several variables, also distiguishing patients aged less than one year, from those aged 1-14 years. The introduction of a deed of indemnity law in 2001 profoundly changed the pattern of admissions and health care needs and exploitation during subsequent years, leading to a massive regularization of clandestine immigrants.

BACKGROUND: The emergency regarding recent immigration waves into Italy makes continued healthcare monitoring of these populations necessary. METHODS: Through a survey of hospital admissions carried out during the last five years at the S. Orsola-Malpighi General Hospital of Bologna (Italy), all causes of admission of these subjects were evaluated, together with their correlates. Subsequently, we focused on admissions due to infectious diseases. All available data regarding foreign citizens admitted as inpatients or in Day-Hospital settings of our teaching hospital from January 1, 1999, to March 31, 2004, were assessed. Diagnosis-related group (DRG) features, and single discharge diagnoses, were also evaluated, and a further assessment of infectious diseases was subsequently made. RESULTS: Within a comprehensive pool of 339,051 hospitalized patients, foreign citizen discharges numbered 7,312 (2.15%), including 2,542 males (34.8%) and 4,769 females (65.2%). Males had a mean age of 36.8±14.7 years, while females were aged 30.8±12.2 years. In the assessment of the areas of origin, 34.6% of hospitalizations were attributed to patients coming from Eastern Europe, 15.3% from Northern Africa, 7.3% (comprehensively) from Western Europe and United States, 6.9% from the Indian subcontinent, 5.9% from sub-Saharan Africa, 5.7% from Latin America, 4.1% from China, 2.5% from the Philippines, and 1.1% from the Middle East. Among women, most hospitalizations (58.8%) were due to obstetrical-gynecological procedures or diseases, including assistance with delivery (27.1%), and pregnancy complications (18.7%), followed by psycho-social disturbances (5.9%), malignancies (5.1%), gastrointestinal diseases (4.7%), and voluntary pregnancy interruption (4.4%). Among men, the most frequent causes of admissions were related to trauma (15.9%), followed by gastroenteric disorders (12%), heart-vascular diseases (8.9%), psycho-social disorders (8.4%), respiratory (7.1%), kidney (6.1%), liver (5.2%), and metabolic (4.9%) diseases, and alcohol or substance abuse (4.2%). Infectious diseases (alone or with concurrent disorders) were reported in 881 discharged individuals, representing 12.1% of the 7,312 DRGs attributed to foreign patients. The comprehensive patient population discharged from our hospital with at least one infectious disease diagnosis had lower rates of respiratory tract infections, followed by chronic viral hepatitis, HIV infection and related diseases, enterocolitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pyelonephritis, severe skin and soft tissue infection, meningoencephalitis, and malaria, as the most frequently-reported disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey, through a combined analysis of both DRGs and discharge diagnoses, allowed us to conclude that 12.1% of foreign citizens hospitalized at our General teaching Hospital of Bologna (Italy) suffered from at least one infectious disease. Respiratory tract, liver, and gastrointestinal infections, and HIV infection, were found with an appreciable frequency among discharge diagnoses, while the frequency of malaria and meningoencephalitis was lower, compared with other series. Among disorders other than infectious diseases, obstetric-gynecological conditions and post-traumatic episodes (for male patients) were the most frequent causes of hospitalization.