Abstract This study aimed to translate and to perform the cultural adaptation of the instrument Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised for Dental (IPQ-RD) into Brazilian Portuguese. The IPQ-RD consists of 34 items that assess the cognitive and emotional representation/perception of parents/caregivers of children with dental caries, with response options on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from “Strongly agree” (score 1) to “Strongly disagree” (score 5). The higher the score, the lower the perception of the disease. The protocol consists of translation into Brazilian Portuguese, back-translation into English, revision by an Expert Review Committee, and pre-test (application in parents/caregivers of children in dental care). For some questions, the translated versions were identical (T1 = T2); for others, one version was preferred (T1 or T2); for still others, it was decided to modify terms to obtain greater clarity on the item (T3). In the first pre-test, three questions were misunderstood by more than 15% of the sample, after which the items were reviewed by the Expert Review Committee. In the second pre-test, the adapted version was applied to a new sample of parents/caregivers (n = 15) and the questions were understood by more than 85% of the participants. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the IPQ-RD was well understood by the evaluated population.

Abstract Caries disease can lead to strong impact in terms of pain and suffering, to functional impairment, and to negative effects on quality of life. Studies have demonstrated that the impact on quality of life increases with dental caries severity, and few studies have assessed the relationship between caries activity and children’s oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the impact of dental caries severity and activity on the OHRQoL of schoolchildren. The study was conducted with a sample of children aged 8 to 11 years from Pelotas, southern Brazil. Children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8–10, and socioeconomic data were collected. Children’s dental caries (Kappa value of 0.95), PUFA, traumatic dental injuries, and malocclusion were examined. The Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Poisson regression tests were performed. A total of 119 children were included. Children with initial (mean ratio (MR) of 1.92; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 1.05–3.48), moderate (MR: 2.66; 95%CI: 1.44–4.90), and severe carious lesions (MR: 2.65; 95%CI: 1.46–4.79) had a greater impact on OHRQoL compared with those without carious lesions (p =0 .047). Children with active carious lesions exhibited a greater impact on OHRQoL (MR:1.53 and 95%CI: 1.11–2.11) when compared to those without active lesions (p = 0.019). The findings demonstrate an association between dental caries severity and activity and the OHRQoL of school-aged children.

Abstract The perceptions of parents/caregivers regarding their children’s oral health can influence the standard of care and decision-making regarding oral health. The children’s perspective on their own oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) may differ from the parents/caregivers’ views. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the agreement between the perceptions of parents/caregivers and schoolchildren regarding OHRQoL. It was conducted with a sample of children between 8 and 11 years old and their parents/caregivers from Pelotas. Children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 (CPQ), and parents/caregivers answered the short form of the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). Socioeconomic data were also collected. Children’s dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, and malocclusions were examined. The Spearman’s correlation test was performed. A total of 119 parents/caregivers-children pairs were included. There was an agreement between the total scores of parents/caregivers and children (0.2770; p = 0.003), in the oral symptoms (0.1907; p = 0.038), and functional limitations (0.2233; p=0.015) domains. The Bland-Altman graph showed an agreement between children’s and parents/caregivers’ OHRQoL total score, but there was an underestimation of approximately two points in the parents/caregivers’ perception compared to the children’s score. There was an agreement between the reports of parents/caregivers and children regarding children’s OHRQoL.

Abstract The salutogenic theory studies how and why people remain healthy even in adverse and stressful situations, having as central idea the sense of coherence (SOC). The higher the SOC, that is, the overall ability to see life, the more effectively the individual will be able to cope with the difficulties of life. This study aimed to verify the relationship between maternal SOC and behaviors related to oral health of pre-school children of the city of Pelotas/RS. A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of children aged 2 to 5 years old and their mothers, attending in 12 health care centers randomly selected. A total of 534 dyads participated. Demographic information, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene and feeding habits of the child, use of dental services by the child, screening of common mental disorders of the mother and evaluation of the maternal sense of coherence were collected. The associations between outcome variables (frequency of eating sweet foods and drinks between meals, how the child's teeth are brushed and experience of dental consultation of the child) and maternal demographic, socioeconomic and psychosocial characteristics were assessed by multivariate analysis using Poisson regression analysis with robust variance (p<0.05). The prevalence of inadequately brushing the teeth (the child brushes the teeth alone or never brushed) was 70% higher among children whose mothers had less SOC than in children of mothers with more SOC. The findings indicate that maternal SOC may be a psychosocial indicator in the acquisition of appropriate oral hygiene habits in preschoolers.

Resumo A teoria salutogênica estuda como e porque as pessoas permanecem saudáveis mesmo em situações adversas e estressantes, tendo como ideia central o senso de coerência (SOC). Quanto maior o SOC mais efetivamente o indivíduo será capaz de enfrentar as dificuldades da vida. Este estudo objetivou verificar a relação entre SOC materno e os comportamentos relacionados com a saúde bucal de pré-escolares da cidade de Pelotas/RS. Um estudo transversal foi realizado em uma amostra de crianças de 2 a 5 anos e suas mães em 12 Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) sorteadas aleatoriamente. Participaram 534 díades. Informações demográficas, socioeconômicas, hábitos de higiene bucal e de alimentação do filho, utilização de serviços odontológicos pelo filho, rastreamento de transtornos mentais comuns da mãe e avaliação do SOC materno foram coletadas. As associações entre as variáveis de desfecho (frequência de ingestão de alimentos e bebidas doces entre as refeições, como os dentes da criança são escovados e experiência de consulta odontológica da criança) e as características demográficas, socioeconômicas e psicossociais materna foram avaliadas através de análise multivariada utilizando-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta (p<0,05). A prevalência de escovar os dentes de forma inadequada (a criança escova os dentes sozinha ou nunca ter escovado) foi 70% maior entre as crianças cujas mães apresentaram menor SOC quando comparadas às crianças de mães com maior SOC. Os achados indicam que o SOC materno pode ser um indicador psicossocial na aquisição de hábitos de higiene bucal adequados em pré-escolares.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer embasamento científico para condução do tratamento endodôntico em gestantes através de uma revisão de literatura e série de casos clínicos conduzidos em sessão única no projeto de extensão Atenção Odontológica Materno-infantil da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. As bases científicas abordam as principais dúvidas do profissional na condução do pré-natal odontológico: uso do exame radiográfico, anestésico local, prescrição de medicamentos, entre outros fatores essenciais no atendimento da gestante. As gestantes assistidas procuraram atendimento apresentando dor de origem dentária. Em dois casos foi diagnosticado pulpite irreversível sintomática, enquanto um terceiro se travava de periodontite apical aguda. Os procedimentos endodônticos foram realizados sob condições controladas e padronizadas, sob supervisão de um professor de Endodontia. O preparo dos canais radiculares foi realizado em sessão única, através de instrumentação mecanizada de cinemática reciprocante (Wave One® Gold Primary (Dentsply Sirona), sendo o comprimento dos canais determinado por meio de localizador foraminal FinePex (Schuster). A obturação dos canais foi realizada pela técnica do cone único com cones do sistema Wave One®. Após o tratamento endodôntico foi realizada blindagem coronária com resina composta cor A2 Z350 XT (3M ESPE). Os cuidados relacionados à condição gestacional estão destacados, sendo que as pacientes permanecem em acompanhamento no projeto. Conclui-se que o uso de localizadores foraminais e da instrumentação mecanizada, utilizando limas reciprocantes associadas à técnica de obturação com cone único padronizado para cada sistema representam avanços para a realização do tratamento endodôntico em pacientes gestantes devido ao menor tempo clínico e maior conforto do procedimento.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to provide a scientific basis for conducting safe root canal treatment in pregnant women, illustrating with case reports treated in the extension project Maternal-Child Dental Care at the Federal University of Pelotas. The scientific bases address the main doubts of professionals when performing prenatal dental care: use of radiographic examination, local anesthetics, prescription of medications, among other essential factors in the care of pregnant women. The assisted pregnant women sought care with dental pain. In two cases symptomatic irreversible pulpitis was diagnosed, while a third was experiencing acute apical periodontitis. Endodontic procedures were performed under controlled and standardized conditions. The root canals were prepared in a single session, using mechanical instrumentation with reciprocating kinematics (Wave One® Gold Primary - Dentsply Sirona), and the root canal length was determined by an electronic apex locator FinePex (Schuster). Root canal filling was performed by the single cone technique with Wave One® gutta-percha points. After endodontic treatment, coronal sealing was performed with composite resin A2 Z350 XT (3M ESPE). The care related to the gestational condition is highlighted, and the patients remain under monitoring. It is concluded that the use of apical locators and mechanical instrumentation, using reciprocating files associated with the single cone obturation technique with a standardized cone for each system, represents advances for the accomplishment of endodontic treatment in pregnant patients due to the shorter clinical time and greater comfort of the procedure.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between maternal factors and dental visits of children within their first year of life. This study used data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort and included pregnant women and their children at 12 months of age, followed-up between May 2014 and December 2015. Socioeconomic and demographic data, information on the use of dental services during the last year, and information on dental fear were collected by interviewing the mothers. Information regarding dental caries and periodontal disease were collected during the mother’s clinical examination. The date of each child’s first visit to the dentist was recorded. Crude and adjusted Poisson regression models with robust variance were used. The sample comprised 2,287 mother-child dyads, of which 10.1% of children visited the dentist during the first year of life. Children whose mothers visited the dentist within the last year for preventive reasons (RR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.12–2.03) or curative reasons (RR: 1.47; 95%CI: 1.08–2.01) were more likely to have visited the dentist during the first year of life compared to those whose mothers had not used dental services during this period. Maternal tooth loss was inversely associated with a child’s visit to the dentist during the first year of life (RR: 0.69; 95%CI: 0.54–0.89). Considering the mother’s history of using dental services, as well as their dental caries history, is necessary to understand and improve patterns of dental health care utilization and implement public oral health policies for young children.

Aim To verify the validity of maternal reports on the number of deciduous teeth erupted in their children. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed with children enrolled in a Birth Cohort at the age of 12 months in the first stage and 24 months in the second stage. At both stages, children were clinically examined, and mothers reported the number of teeth of their children. Comparison between groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney non-paired Wilcoxon test. Level of agreement between two methods were estimated by the Observed Agreement, Weighted Kappa and Intraclass Correlation coefficients. Results A total of 125 children were examined in the first stage, with mean number of reported teeth of 6.2. In the second stage, 149 children were examined, with mean number of reported teeth of 15.9. High level of agreement, kappa values and intraclass correlation coefficients were observed for both arches in both periods (p<0.001). Conclusions Maternal report on the number of teeth erupted in children was reliable and valid. Thus, it seems to be a useful instrument for collecting data in population-based epidemiological studies targeting young children.

Abstract Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale - Faces (MCDASf) into Brazilian Portuguese. Material and Methods: The MCDASf consists of eight questions about anxiety toward dental procedures that are answered on a five-point Likert scale ranging from “not worried” (1 point) to “very worried” (5 points). The answers correspond to a scale of face drawings ranging from extremely negative to extremely positive. The process consisted of initial translation, back-translation, expert committee review, and pretesting. Results: The first revised version was applied to 32 children aged 5 to 12 years, 16 from the city of Governador Valadares, Brazil (southeastern region) and 16 from the city of Pelotas, Brazil (southern region). In the first pretest, Item 5 was misunderstood by 6.25% of children in the southern region; Item 6 by 6.25% in both regions; Items 7 and 8 by 87.5% and 100% of those from the southeastern region, respectively, and by 12.5% and 25% of those from the southern region, respectively. Items 7 and 8 were modified by the expert committee, and the second revised version was applied to 32 children, 16 from each region. The only misunderstood items were 4 and 5, both by a 7-year-old boy in Governador Valadares. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the MCDASf was well understood by the sample of children.

Abstract This randomized parallel-group control trial tested the efficacy of distraction using audiovisual eyeglasses (AVE) during dental procedures [NCT03902158]. Forty-four 6–9 year-old children with low/moderate anxiety and who needed restorative treatment or exodontia of the primary molars were randomly allocated into two groups: the AVE (experimental) and the conventional behavior management techniques (control) groups. Motion sensors were used to measure the participants’ body movements. Dental visits were video recorded, and their pain levels and behavior were assessed using the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale and the Venham Behavioral Scale, respectively. Anxiety was assessed via heart rate measurements. After treatment, the children scored their pain using the Faces Pain Scale. Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were used to compare the groups. The mean score on the behavioral scale was 0.59 in the experimental group and 0.72 in the control group under local anesthesia (p = 0.73). During the procedure, the mean score was 0.41 in the experimental group and 1.32 in the control group (p = 0.07). The mean heart rate was similar in both groups (p = 0.47), but a significant increase during treatment was observed in the control group. There was no difference between the groups in terms of pain, behavior, and self-reported pain scores (p = 0.08). Children aged 6-7 who used the AVE had fewer wrist movements (435.6) than that of children in the control group (1170.4) (p = 0.04). The AVE achieved similar results to the basic behavior management techniques, with good acceptance by the children.

Abstract This study aimed to assess the discriminant validity of the Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) at different thresholds, compared with the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index (dmf) instrument, to discriminate caries risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted including children aged 2-5 years from preschools in Southern Brazil. Parents answered a questionnaire, and children were clinically examined using the CAST instrument and, in the following weeks, using the dmf index. Two caries thresholds were adopted for CAST: caries in dentin (CAST4-7/CAST2,4-8) and enamel caries (CAST3-7/CAST2-8). Poisson regression was used in the analysis (p < 0.05). A total of 200 children were included. The prevalence of caries was 47.0% with dmf, 42.5% with CAST4-7, and 77.5% with CAST3-7. When the outcome was caries prevalence, CAST4-7 discriminated between sexes, household crowding, and dental pain, and CAST3-7 discriminated age and family income, while the dmf was associated with dental pain. When experience of caries was the outcome, all the criteria discriminated between sexes, age, family income, household overcrowding, visible dental plaque, and dental pain, while dmf and CAST2-8 also discriminated maternal schooling. The CAST discriminated caries risk factors similar to the dmf index when caries experience was the outcome. When prevalence was considered, CAST was able to discriminate for more individual characteristics than dmf.

Abstract: This study aimed to verify, through a longitudinal follow-up, the pre-, peri- and postnatal factors associated with the eruption of deciduous teeth. The study was nested in a Birth Cohort Study conducted in Pelotas, a Southern Brazilian city. Mothers were followed prenatally and their children were followed-up perinatally, at 3 and 12 months of age. The outcome was the number of teeth at 12 months, and exploratory variables included maternal habits and characteristics, anthropometric measures of children and mothers, and socioeconomic and demographic information. Data were collected through interviews with the mother and children’s clinical exam. Poisson regression models were used for the analysis. Participants included 4,014 children with a mean number of erupted teeth at 12 months of 5.50. After adjustments, a lower mean number of teeth was observed in children from non-white mothers, early preterm children, and shorter children at birth and at 12 months. A higher number of teeth was observed for mothers with excessive weight gain during pregnancy, mothers who smoked during pregnancy, weightier children at birth and at 12 months, and for children with larger heads at birth and at 12 months. Our findings suggest that maternal and children characteristics influenced primary tooth eruption.

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of stretching and therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) on desmin and laminin contents of rat muscle after contusion. Male Wistar rats (n = 35, 8-9 weeks of age, 271 ± 14g body weight) were divided into five groups: Control group (CG) (n= 03); Injured group (IG) (n= 8); Injured + ultrasound group (IUSG) (n= 8); Injured+stretching group (ISG) (n= 8); Injured +ultrasound + stretching group (IUSSG) (n= 8). The application of ultrasound started 72 hours after the contusion, using the 50 % pulsed mode, 0.5 W/cm2, 5 min, once a day, for five consecutive days. Passive manual stretching was started on the tenth day after injury, with four repetitions of 30 s each and 30 s rest between repetitions, once a day, five times per week, for a total of ten applications. After 22 days, the rats were euthanazied and the gastrocnemius of both limbs removed for desmin and laminin immunohistochemistry morphometric measurement. Analysis was conducted using ANOVA one way post-hoc Tukey to parametric data and Kruskall-Wallis for non-parametric data. The IUSSG animals showed a larger area of desmin than ISG (p<0.05). It was found a decrease in laminin comparing IUSG to IG. However, laminin area was higher in ISG than all groups (p<0.05). UST isolated or in combination with stretching influenced gastrocnemius regeneration in different manners. While stretching applied isolated enhanced gastrocnemius regeneration noticed by the increase in laminin area, in combination with TUS strengthened the muscle healing rising desmin area.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del estiramiento y la ecografía en los contenidos de desmina y laminina del músculo de rata después de la lesión. Ratas Wistar macho (n = 35, 8-9 semanas de edad, 271 ± 14 g de peso corporal) se dividieron en cinco grupos: grupo de control (CG) (n = 03); Grupo lesionado (GL) (n = 8); Lesionado + grupo de ultrasonido (LGU) (n= 8); Lesionado + grupo de estiramiento (LGE) (n = 8); Lesionado + ultrasonido + grupo de estiramiento (LUGE) (n = 8). La aplicación de ultrasonido comenzó 72 horas después de la lesión, usando el modo pulsado al 50 %, 0,5W / cm2, 5 min, una vez al día, durante cinco días consecutivos. El estiramiento manual pasivo se inició el décimo día después de la lesión, con cuatro repeticiones de 30 seg cada una y 30 seg de descanso entre repeticiones, una vez al día, cinco veces por semana, para un total de diez aplicaciones. Las ratas fueron sacrificadas después de 22 días, y se extrajo el músculo gastrocnemio de ambos miembros para la medición morfométrica de desmina y laminina a través de inmunohistoquímica. El análisis se realizó utilizando ANOVA unidireccional Tukey post-hoc para datos paramétricos y Kruskall-Wallis para datos no paramétricos. Los animales LUGE mostraron un área mayor de desmina que LGE (p <0,05). Se encontró una disminución en la laminina comparando LGU con GL. Sin embargo, el área de laminina fue mayor en LGE que en todos los grupos (p <0,05). El tratamiento con ultrasonido aislado o en combinación con estiramiento influyó en la regeneración del músculo gastrocnemio de diferentes maneras. Si bien el estiramiento aplicado, en combinación con tratamiento de ultrasonido, fortaleció el área de desmina, la regeneración del músculo gastrocnemio mejoró por el aumento en el área de laminina aumentando la curación muscular.

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chronic effects of stretching exercise on soleus muscle histomorphology and histomorphometry of young and aged rats. Thirty-eight female rats were divided into young control group (YCG, n=10;274±50 g); young stretching group (YSG, n=8;274±12 g); aged control group (ACG, n=10;335±39 g); and aged stretching group (ASG, n=10;321±32g). A mechanical apparatus was used to stretch muscle in 4 repetitions, 60 s each, 30 s interval between repetitions in each session, 3 times a week for 3 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last stretching session, soleus muscle was removed for micromorphology and immunostaining analysis. Data analyses were performed with one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey, or Kruskal-Wallis tests for parametric and nonparametric, respectively (p≤0.05). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area (MFCSA) of ACG was lower (18 %) compared to the YCG. Stretching increased MFCSA comparing YSG to YCG (5,681.15± 1,943.61 µm2 vs 5,119.84±1,857.73 µm2, p=0.00), but decreased comparing ASG to ACG (3,919.54± 1,694.65 µm2 vs 4,172.82±1,446.08 µm2, p=0.00). More serial sarcomere numbers were found in the YSG than YCG (12,062.91±1,564.68 vs 10,070.39±1,072.38, p=0.03). Collagen I and collagen III were higher in YSG than ASG (7.44±7.18 % vs 0.07±0.09 %, p=0.04) and (14.37 %± 9.54 % vs 5.51 %±5.52 %, p=0.00), respectively. TNF-a was greater in ASG than YSG (43.42 %±40.19 % vs 1.72 ± 2.02 %, p=0.00). Epimysium was larger in the YSG compared to YCG (201.83±132.07 % vs 181.09±147.04 %, p=0.00). After 3-week stretching the soleus muscles from aged rats were smaller than their younger counter-parts. Interestingly, while stretching appeared to positively affect young soleus muscle, the opposite was detected in the muscle of the aged rats.

RESUMEN: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos crónicos del ejercicio de estiramiento sobre la histomorfología e histomorfometría del músculo sóleo de ratas jóvenes y envejecidas. Se dividieron 38 ratas hembras en un grupo control joven (YCG, n = 10; 274 ± 50 g); grupo de estiramiento joven (YSG, n = 8; 274 ± 12 g); grupo control de edad (ACG, n = 10; 335 ± 39 g); y grupo estiramiento envejecido (ASG, n = 10; 321 ± 32 g). Se usó un aparato mecánico para estirar el músculo en 4 repeticiones, 60 s cada una, intervalo de 30 s entre repeticiones en cada sesión, 3 veces por semana, durante 3 semanas. Veinticuatro horas después de la última sesión de estiramiento, se extrajo el músculo sóleo para análisis de micromorfología e inmunotinción. Los análisis de datos se realizaron con pruebas ANOVA de una vía, Tukey post-hoc o Kruskal-Wallis para pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas, respectivamente (p≤0,05). El área de la sección transversal de fibra muscular (MFCSA) de GCE fue menor (18 %) en comparación con el GCJ. El estiramiento aumentó ASTFM comparando GEJ con GCJ (5.681,15 ± 1.943,61 µm2 vs 5.119,84 ± 1.857,73 µm2, p = 0,00), pero disminuyó comparando GEE con GCE (3.919,54 ± 1.694,65 µm2 vs 4.172,82 ± 1.446,08 µm2, p = 0,00). Se encontraron más sarcómeros en serie en el GEJ que en el GCJ (12.062,91 ± 1.564,68 vs 10.070,39 ± 1,072.38, p = 0,03). El colágeno I y el colágeno III fueron más numerosos en GEJ que en GEE (7,44 ± 7.18 % vs 0,07 ± 0,09 %, p = 0,04) y (14,37 % ± 9,54 % vs 5,51 % ± 5,52 %, p = 0,00), respectivamente. TNF-α fue mayor en GEE que GEJ (43,42 % ± 40,19 % vs 1,72 ± 2,02 %, p = 0,00). El epimisio fue mayor en el GEJ en comparación con el GCJ (201,83 ± 132,07 % vs 181,09 ± 147,04 %, p = 0,00). Después de 3 semanas de estiramiento, los músculos sóleo de las ratas envejecidas eran más pequeños que sus contrapartes más jóvenes. Curiosamente, si bien el estiramiento pareció afectar positivamente el músculo sóleo joven, se detectó lo contrario en el músculo de las ratas envejecidas.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of three sessions of a passive stretching exercise protocol on the muscles of elderly female rats. METHODS: The effects of the stretching exercises on the soleus muscle were analyzed using immunohistochemistry [tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP), the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the gene expression levels using real-time PCR of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), collagen type 1 (COL1), and collagen type 3 (COL3)]. Fifteen 26-month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, namely, Stretching (SG, n=8) and Control (CG, n=7). The passive mechanical stretching protocol consisted of a set of 4 1-minute repetitions, with 30 seconds between each repetition (total treatment of 4 minutes), three times a week for 1 week. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase of 71.4% in the TNF-α (p=0.04) gene expression levels for the SG and a 58% decrease in the TGF-β1 gene expression levels (p=0.005) in the SG compared to that in the CG. No significant differences were observed between the groups for the immunostaining of TIMP-1 or the gene expression levels of COL1 and COL3. CONCLUSION: Three sessions of static stretching reduced the gene expression level of TGF-β1, which, owing to its anti-fibrotic role, might contribute to the remodeling of the intramuscular connective tissue of the aging muscle. In addition, immunostaining revealed that TNF-α levels increased in the aging muscle tissue in response to stretching, indicating its effect on stimulating extracellular matrix degradation. These outcomes have important clinical implications in reinforcing the use of stretching exercises in the elderly, considering that the aging muscle presents an infiltration of connective tissue.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um perfil das oficinas terapêuticas, com a participação dos professores de educação física, desenvolvidas nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (Caps) do município de Goiânia (GO). A partir de observações da rotina de trabalho semanal de 16 professores foi feita uma pesquisa exploratória em sete Caps. Usamos um roteiro estruturado como instrumento de coleta de dados. Em uma semana, 44 sessões de oficinas tiveram a participação de profissionais de educação física, 33 foram organizadas a partir de algum tema da cultura corporal, 33% delas ocurreram em espaços e instituições do território adscrito ao Caps. O tema mais abordado foi exercícios físicos e ginásticos, porém outros oito temas da cultura corporal também foram identificados.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to identify the main characteristics of the therapeutic workshops, developed in Caps in the city of Goiania, with the participation of physical education teachers. An exploratory study was conducted at 7 Caps, in which the weekly work routine of 16 teachers was observed. A structured script was used as a data collection instrument. Within a week, 44 sessions of workshops were attended by physical education teachers, 33 with body practices, 33% were carried out at affiliated institutions. The most discussed topic was physical and gymnastic exercises; however other 8 body practices were also identified as central themes of the workshops.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es identificar las características principales de los talleres terapéuticos, con la participación de profesores de educación física, desarrollados en los Caps de la ciudad de Goiânia. Un estudio exploratorio se llevó a cabo en 7 Caps a partir de observaciones rutinarias del trabajo semanal de 16 profesores. Como instrumento de recopilación de datos se utilizó el guion estructurado. Se asistió a 44 sesiones de talleres en una semana con la participación de profesionales de la educación física, 33 de prácticas corporales y el 33% se llevó a cabo en los espacios e instituciones del territorio adscrito a los Caps. El tema más tratado fue el ejercicio físico y la gimnasia, pero otras 8 prácticas corporales también fueron identificadas como tema central de los talleres.