ABSTRACT This article proposes the analysis of scientific journalism and its space in the television channels Ecuavisa and TC Televisión of the city of Guayaquil. The methodology used in the article has a descriptive, exploratory and documentary design and its approach is mixed, qualitative-quantitative. For data collection, the bibliographic review, survey and interview were used. An intentional non-probabilistic sampling was applied to 30 students of Communication Sciences and two media professionals were interviewed, object of study. The purpose is to know if the students have an approach and interest in the programs with a scientific research structure. In addition, it is essential to evaluate the factors that influence the low production of news, segments or programs specialized in science journalism by the two analyzed media in relation to the work carried out by foreign media.

RESUMEN El presente artículo propone el análisis del periodismo científico y su espacio en los canales de televisión Ecuavisa y TC Televisión de la ciudad de Guayaquil. La metodología empleada en el artículo tiene un diseño descriptivo, exploratorio y documental y, su enfoque es mixto, cualicuantitativo. Para la recolección de datos se empleó la revisión bibliográfica, la encuesta y la entrevista. Se aplicó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional a 30 estudiantes de Ciencias de la Comunicación y se entrevistó a dos profesionales de los medios, objeto de estudio. La finalidad es conocer si los estudiantes tienen un acercamiento e interés a los programas con una estructura de investigación científica. Además, es fundamental evaluar los factores que inciden en la escasa producción de noticias, segmentos o programas especializados en periodismo científico por parte de los dos medios analizados en relación al trabajo que realizan los medios extranjeros.

ABSTRACT The stigmatization of the Trans population has reached such striking levels that it even seems normalized. There are tiny practices in the social treatment towards this group that completely ignore the physical and psychological harassment, which could be triggered by depressive problems, drug use, low self-esteem or voluntary exclusion. It seems that, within the political agendas of each government, gender violence hardly has a place. Although the vulnerability that women have suffered throughout history is alarming. Tran’s people have not only been vulnerable to a hypocritical political system, but also unprotected. Much has been documented about widespread violence against LGBTI groups around the world, but what are the particularities of this problem? Transgender people are not only denied legal recognition of their gender identity, but correlate their sexuality with certain behaviors that we believe are natural. Precisely that is where stigmatization is born as a form of violence.

RESUMEN La estigmatización de la población trans ha alcanzado niveles tan llamativos que incluso parece normalizada. Existen prácticas minúsculas en el tratamiento social hacia este grupo que ignoran por completo el hostigamiento físico y psicológico, mismas que podrían desencadenarse en problemas depresivos, consumo de drogas, baja autoestima o exclusión voluntaria. Tal parece, que dentro de las agendas políticas de cada gobierno, apenas la violencia de género tiene cabida. Si bien es alarmante la vulnerabilidad que ha sufrido la mujer a lo largo de la historia, las personas trans no sólo se han visto vulnerables ante un sistema político hipócrita, sino también desprotegidas. Mucho se ha documentado sobre violencia generalizada contra los grupos LGBTI en todo el mundo, pero ¿de qué particularidades nace este problema? A las personas transgénero no solo les niega el reconocimiento legal de su identidad de género, sino, correlacionan su sexualidad con ciertos comportamientos que creemos naturales. Precisamente ahí es donde nace la estigmatización como una forma de violencia.

Con el propósito contribuir con el conocimiento de las zonas de sabana de Venezuela en referencia a su composición proteica y mineral, por siografía y épocas climáticas se realizaron durante el período marzo de 2005 a abril de 2007 evaluaciones de las pasturas de sabanas de bancos, bajíos y esteros con una frecuencia de cada 50 días, en Mantecal, estado Apure. El estudio reveló valores dentro de lo esperado para Proteína Cruda (PC) en las pasturas de bajíos y esteros, mientras que en bancos solo se cubren las necesidades durante la transición sequía-lluvia. PC se correlacionó positivamente con P, K, Mg, S y Cu; y negativamente con Ca, Mn y Zn. Además se encontraron amplias de ciencias en P, Ca y Na. No se observaron de ciencias en K, S, Cu y en Mg, sólo se evidenció de ciencias en transición lluvia-sequía. Para Fe, Zn y Mn existieron niveles excesivos. En varias siografías y épocas existió antagonismo de Mn, Zn y Fe ante P, K y S. A su vez Fe y Zn presentaron sinergismo con Cu y Na, así mismo, entre Fe y Zn y entre Fe y Mn. Se obserbó una excesiva disponibilidad de Fe que a su vez presentó sinergismo con S y Cu en los períodos de sequía y transición sequía-lluvia, y en lluvias con Cu y Na.

With the purpose of contributing to existing knowledge of savannah zones of Venezuela minerals and protein tests were carried out from March 2005 to April 2007 period. Tests were performed in physiographic areas of banks, shoals and estuaries in hiperstational savannas from Mantecal, Apure State, with a 50 days frequency. Protein values found were as expected in pastures from bajíos-shallaws and esteros-estuary, but not in the banks, which were covered just in dry-rainy period. The crude protein values have been positively correlated with P, K, Mg, S and Cu; and negative with Ca, Mn and Zn. Severe de ciency in P, Ca and Na were established, but there were no de ciencies found for K, S, Cu and Mg (just de ciency during rain-dry transition). In relation with Fe, Zn and Mn excessive levels were found. There was antagonism in Mn, Zn and Fe in presence of P, K and S, meanwhile Fe and Zn presence in synergism with Cu and Na, and in the same way, between Fe and Zn, and Fe and Mn.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to ascertain predictors of Patient Prosthesis Mismatch, an independent predictor of mortality, in patients with aortic stenosis using bioprosthetic valves. METHOD: We analyzed 2,107 sequential surgeries. Patient Prosthesis Mismatch was calculated using the effective orifice area of the prosthesis divided by the patient's body surface area. We defined nonsignificant, moderate, and severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch as effective orifice area indexes of .0.85 cm²/m, 0.85-0.66 cm²/m², and <0.65 cm²/m², respectively. RESULTS: A total of 311 bioprosthetic patients were identified. The incidence of nonsignificant, moderate, and severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch was 41%, 42, and 16%, respectively. Severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch was significantly more prevalent in females (82%). In severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch, the perfusion and the crossclamp times were considerably lower when compared with nonsignificant Patient Prosthesis Mismatch and moderate Patient Prosthesis Mismatch. Patients with severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch had a significantly higher likelihood of spending time in the intensive care unit and a significantly longer length of stay in the hospital. Body surface area was not different in severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch when compared with nonsignificant Patient Prosthesis Mismatch. In-hospital mortality in patients with nonsignificant, moderate, and severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch was 2.3%, 6.1%, and 8%, respectively. Minimally invasive surgery was significantly associated with moderate Patient Prosthesis Mismatch in 49% of the patients, but not with severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch. CONCLUSION: Severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch is more common in females, but not in those with minimal available body surface area. Though operative times were shorter in these patients, intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were longer. Surgeons and cardiologists should be cognizant of these clinical predictors and complications prior to valve surgery.

Novel substituted pyrimidines were synthesized from methyl 2,4-dioxo-4-phenyl-butanoate (I-A) and urea, followed by Mitsunobu coupling of I-A with benzyl or allyl alcohol to give the corresponding 2-hydroxypyrimidine ethers in good yields. Saponification of I-A, followed by reaction with benzyl or allyl amines in the presence of TBTU yielded 2-hydroxy-6-phenyl-pyrimidine 4-carboxamides. AChE and BuChE assays revealed 2-hydroxy-6-phenyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxyallyamide as the most active compound, IC50= 90 µM, with no inhibition of BuChE.

As estruturas dos produtos de degradação mediada por ozônio de diferentes compostos farmacêuticos foram estudadas. Uma completa degradação do nadolol foi observada nas condições empregadas após 100 min. Os produtos de degradação obtidos nas soluções aquosas foram caracterizados por espectrometria de massas com ionização por electrospray (ESI-MS e ESI-MS/MS). O mecanismo proposto para a degradação consiste inicialmente do ataque de ozônio ao grupo amino da anilina formando nitro compostos, seguida de uma série de processos oxidativos. Monitoramento por ESI-MS(/MS) mostrou que a degradação de atenolol (ATE) e acebutolol (ACE) por ozônio ocorrem via um mecanismo similar ao do nadolol

The structures of intermediate products of ozone degradation of different pharmaceutical compounds have been studied. Under the conditions employed, complete ozone degradation of nadolol was achieved after 100 min. The degradation products obtained in aqueous solution were characterized by electrospray ionization mass (and tandem mass) spectrometry (ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS). The proposed mechanism for degradation, ozone attacks at the aniline amino group giving rise to nitro compounds and further degradation occurs via a series of oxidative processes. Continuous online monitoring by ESI-MS(/MS) with high accuracy mass measurements showed that ozone degradation of atenolol (ATE) and acebutolol (ACE) occurs via mechanisms similar to that of nadolol

Herein we report the degradation of the pharmaceutical compound trimethoprim (TMP) in water using ozonation. This process was described by a pseudo first order reaction kinetics and the main degradation products were identified using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and HPLC. Based in the detected compounds, a degradation pathway was proposed. The evolution of the toxicity along with the ozonation reaction was followed measuring acute toxicity with Daphnia magna. An increase in the toxicity of the solutions was observed after 60 minutes of reaction time, probably due to the generation of the toxic degradation products.

En el presente trabajo se reporta la degradación del compuesto farmacéutico Trimetoprim (TMP) por ozonización en medio acuoso. Este proceso presento una cinética de pseudoprimer orden y los productos de degradación fueron identificados usando espectrometría de masas acoplado a cromatografo de gases (GC-MS) y cromatografía liquida (HPLC). En base a los compuestos detectados se propone una ruta de degradación. La evolución de la toxicidad durante las reacciones de ozonización se siguió midiendo la toxicidad aguda con Daphnia magna. Interesantemente, se observo un aumento de la toxicidad en la solución después de los 60 minutos de reacción, probablemente debido a la generación de productos tóxicos durante la degradación.

In addition to the known diterpenes, desoxyarticulin and dihydrotucumanoic acid, a new neoclerodane diterpene was isolated from Baccharis marginalis. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic evidence.

Con el fin de estudiar la dinámica de los componentes físico-químicos de las aguas de lagunas de abrevaderos ubicadas en fisiografías de bancos, bajíos y esteros de una sabana hiperestacional de Mantecal, estado Apure, Venezuela se realizaron durante el período marzo - 2005 a abril - 2007 evaluaciones a muestras obtenidas de las mismas. Se encontró en general una pobreza de elementos minerales para una adecuada nutrición mineral, la existencia de bajas conductividades eléctricas y pH ligeramente ácidos, aún cuando en períodos de sequía tienden a la neutralidad, disminuyendo con el inicio de lluvias. Los cationes sodio, potasio, calcio y en menor frecuencia el magnesio, presentaron mayores valores en lagunas ubicadas en las fisiografías de esteros y bajíos, especialmente durante los períodos de sequía. Mientras que las concentraciones de azufre e hierro se elevaron en período de sequía, cuando ocurre la temporada de apareamiento, lo cual podría inducir desordenes metabólicos en la nutrición mineral de los rebaños

In order to study the dynamics of physicochemicals components of water obtained from lagoons situated on physiographys of “bancos, bajíos y esteros” that serve as watering places for cattle, samples from savannas of Mantecal, Apure state, Venezuela were taken and measured between march - 2005 to april - 2007. Results showed proverty of mineral elements for adecuate mineral nutrition, low electric conductivity and slightly acids pH, which in periods of draught had a tendency to neutrality. Sodium, potassium, calcium cations and less frequent magnesium, presented greater values on the lagoons in the physiographys of “esteros and bajíos” specially during the dry season. Concentrations of sulfur and iron rise during the dry season, coinciding with reproductive season, this could induce metabolic disorder related to mineral nutrition of the herds

The inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase is considered as a strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, ataxia, and myasthenia gravis. Three lanostane- and two cycloartane-type triterpenes, together with two mulinane-type diterpenes were isolated from petroleum ether extract of the whole shrub of Azorella trifurcata (Gaertn.) Pers. Their effect on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase was assessed as well. In addition, this is the first report of these triterpenes in the genus Azorella.

The degradation of two â-blockers, atenolol and nadolol (50 ppm), was conducted using ozonation. At the working conditions, pH 3, 7 and 9, a degradation of 90% for nadolol and about 60% for atenolol was achieved after one hour of reaction. The main degradation products were identified as low molecular weight organic acids. The relative toxicity of the solutions was evaluated using the Daphnia magna test. It was found that the toxicity of the treated solutions, under all the working conditions, was lower than the toxicity of the initial solution. The biggest decrease in toxicity was obtained at pH = 9.

La degradación de dos â-bloqueadores atenolol y el nadolol (50 ppm) por ozonización fue realizada. En las condiciones de trabajo utilizadas, a diferentes condiciones de pH 3, 7 y 9, se logró una degradación mayor al 90% para nadolol y alrededor del 60% para atenolol al cabo de una hora de reacción. Se determinaron los productos de degradación mayoritarios siendo éstos ácidos orgánicos de bajo peso molecular. La toxicidad relativa de las soluciones fue evaluada utilizando el ensayo de Daphnia magna. La toxicidad de las soluciones tratadas, en todas las condiciones de trabajo, fue menor que la toxicidad de la solución inicial. El mayor descenso de toxicidad se obtuvo a pH = 9.

El estudio fue desarrollado en el Módulo Experimental de Mantecal, Estado Apure, Venezuela (7°35’ N y 69°10’ O), durante el período 1984-1998, con el objetivo de evaluar la dinámica de cambios de peso de novillos sobre sabanas hiperestacionales con 5 meses de déficit hídrico y 5 meses de exceso de humedad. Se asignaron 200 ha con similares proporciones altas, medias y bajas del módulo por tratamiento de: Pastoreo Continuo (PC), Pastoreo Diferido (PD) o utilización de las zonas altas durante las fuertes lluvias, las zonas medias en la transición lluvia-sequía y sequía-lluvia, y las zonas bajas durante la sequía; y Pastoreo Diferido Rotativo (PDR), con similar uso al PD pero con tres y seis subdivisiones en su zona media y baja, respectivamente. La carga animal promedio fue de 0.5 UA/ha, establecida por un rebaño de vientres pastoreadores y 12 novillos de 220 kg de peso inicial, con cambio anual y pesadas cada 45 días. Los datos se agruparon en los períodos 1984-1989; 1990-1995 y 1997-1998, considerando mes de pesaje, y fueron analizados como completamente aleatorizados. Durante los períodos evaluados no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos en el peso final de los animales, representando en promedio 85 kg/an y 48 kg/ha/año, para el primer período. En el segundo período se obtuvo 80,3; 76,8 y 88,7 kg/an y 37,7; 35,3 y 42,6 kg/ha/año en PC, PD y PDR, respectivamente. Durante 1997-1998 las producciones fueron 121,1; 94,0 y 109,8 kg/an y 46; 36 y 42 kg/ha/año, en el mismo orden de tratamientos. En todos los casos, los animales sometidos a PC perdieron peso por período más prolongado y en forma significativa (P<0,05) al comparar contra PD, durante la sequía. Similarmente entre PD y PDR; cuando este último tendió a mantener su peso, por lo que resultó más eficiente para enfrentar la sequía.

The research was carried out in the Experimental Module at Mantecal, Apure state, Venezuela (7º35’ N and 69º10’ W), during the period 1984-1998, with the objective to evaluate the dynamic of weight changes of steers on hyperstational savannas with 5 months of water deficit and 5 months of excess of humidity. Two hundred hectares were assigned with similar proportions of upper, medium, and lower physiographic positions in the module to the following treatments: Continuous Grazing (CG), Deferred Grazing (DG) as the use of upper areas during the peak of the rainy season, the medium areas in the transition period rain-dry and dry-rain, and the lower areas during the dry period; and Deferred-Rotary Grazing (DRG) with similar grazing management than DG, but with three and six subdivisions in their medium and lower areas, respectively. The mean stocking rate was 0.50 AU/ha, constituted by herd cows and 12 steers of 220 kg of initial weight, which were changed annually and weighted every 45 days. Data were grouped in 1984-1989; 1990-1995, and 1997-1998 periods, considering the month of weight and analyzed as a completely random design. During the evaluated periods, there was not a significantly difference among treatments in the final animal weights. The mean weight was 85 kg/anim. and 48 kg/ha/year for first period. In the second period, it was 80.3; 76.8, and 88.7 kg/anim. and 37.7, 35.3 and 42.6 kg/ha/year in CG, DG, and DRG, respectively. During 1997 to1998 the productions were 121.1, 94.0, and 109.8 kg/anim. and 46; 36, and 42 kg/ha/year, in above order of treatments. At all times, the animals under CG lost weight for longest periods and significantly (P<0.50) than in DG, during dry season. Similarity between DG and DRG, when the later had a tendency to maintain the weight, resulting in greater efficiency in the dry period.

El estudio fue desarrollado en el Módulo Experimental de Mantecal, Estado Apure, Venezuela (7°35’ N y 69°10’ O), durante el período 1984-1998, sobre sabanas hiperestacionales con 5 meses de déficit hídrico y 5 meses de exceso de humedad. La vegetación dominante en los Bancos (fisiografías altas) estuvo constituida por Panicum laxum, Paspalum chaffanjonii, Leersia hexandra y Axonopus compressus, conjuntamente con más de 80 especies; en los Bajíos (fisiografías medias) estuvo conformada por las tres primeras especies señaladas más Hymenachne amplexicaulis y 50 adicionales. En los Esteros (fisiografías bajas), la inundación anual reduce la dominancia a L. hexandra e H. amplexicaulis, y a otras 15 especies hidrófilas. Donde se asignaron 200 ha con similares proporciones altas, medias y bajas a cada tratamiento de: pastoreo continuo (PC), diferido (PD) o la utilización de las zonas altas durante las fuertes lluvias, las zonas medias en la transición lluvia-sequía y sequía-lluvia, y las zonas bajas durante el período seco; y pastoreo diferido rotativo (PDR), con similar uso al tratamiento PD, pero con tres subdivisiones en su zona media y seis en su zona baja. La modalidad de producción fue de sistema vaca-maute, con carga animal promedio de 0.50 UA/ha/año. El efecto del tratamiento de PC produjo sobre las zonas altas una disminución de la Cobertura General Aérea (CGA) y de L. hexandra y P. laxum e incremento de malezas y especies de menor deseabilidad; mientras que bajo PD existió una mayor estabilidad de la CGA y de las especies más deseables. Bajo PDR hubo incremento de la principal especie (L. hexandra). Los valores promedios de CGA resultaron en 46,7; 54,2 y 57,5% para PC, PD y PDR, respectivamente. En las zonas medias se encontró variado efecto entre tratamientos en la CGA, los promedios obtenidos fueron 48,1; 62,3 y 54,7%, en el mismo orden de tratamiento, con mayor contribución de la especie menos deseable Panicum versicolor bajo PC, y en los tratamientos PD y PDR se obtuvieron 4 y 6 veces mayor contribución de L. hexandra, respectivamente. En las zonas bajas los tratamientos PD y PDR aportaron más del doble de la cobertura de las especies deseables de esteros que PC. La CGA promedio fue 29,6; 54,1 y 48,6% para PC, PD y PDR. Similares tendencias fueron encontradas en la Materia Seca Deseable (MSD) presente para zonas y tratamientos, con claras definiciones en las zonas altas (PC =1014; PD =2418 y PDR =2004 Kg/ha) y bajas (PC =843; PD =2057 y PDR =1609 Kg/ha), no así en la media (PC =1933; PD =2153 y PDR =2087 Kg/ha). El pastizal bajo PC mostró lenta recuperación con el inicio de las lluvias, y presentó en bancos 135 días y en esteros 225 días con MSD por debajo de 1.000 kg/ha. Así, existió una sucesión regresiva bajo PC bien definida en las zonas bajas y altas del pastizal, y de menor progreso en su zona media. Mientras en PD existió el mantenimiento de los recursos de la vegetación con mejoramiento en su zona baja; y en PDR se establece una sucesión secundaria progresiva. Estos procesos justifican la condición pobre de los pastizales sometidos a PC, la obtención de una condición buena en PD y el señalamiento en PDR de una condición que tiende a ser excelente.

Summary The research was developed in the Experimental Module of Mantecal, Apure State, Venezuela (7°35' N and 69°10' W), during the period 1984-1998, on hyperstational savannas, characterized as affected by five months of deficit hydric and five months of excess of humidity. The dominant vegetation in Bancos (high physiography) was constituted by Panicum laxum, Paspalum chaffanjonii, Leersia hexandra and Axonopus compressus grasses and more than other 80 species; in Bajíos (medium physiography), the vegetation was conformed by P. laxum, L. hexandra, P. chaffanjonii and Hymenachne amplexicaulis grasses, plus another 50 species; in the swamps or Esteros (low physiography), the annual flood rithm induces the dominance of L. hexandra and H. amplexicaulis grasses and other 15 hydrophyte species. 200 ha were assigned with similar proportions of high, medium and low physiographies to three different grazing methods: Continuous Grazing (PC), Deferred Grazing (PD) or the use of higher areas during the peak of the rainy season, the medium areas in the transition rainy-dry and dry-rainy period, and the low areas during the dry period; and Deferred-Rotary Grazing (PDR), with similar grazing management than PD, but with three subdivisions in their medium and six on low physiographies, respectively. The production system in the three treatments was a cow-steer and stocked at of 0.50 AU/ha/year. The treatments effect on the forage of the higher areas, under PC produced a decrease of the General Aerial Coverture (CGA), of L. hexandra and P. laxum grasses and an increment of weeds and species of low acceptability. Under PD a bigger stability of the CGA existed and of the most desirable species too; whereas, under PDR there was an increase of the main forage species (L. hexandra). The values of CGA were 46.7; 54.2 and 57.5% to P.C.; P.D. and P.D.R. In the medium areas there was little effect of treatments in the CGA (PC =48.1; PD =62.3 and PDR =54.7%), with a greater contribution of the least desirable species Panicum versicolor grass under PC, while in PD and PDR 4 and 6 times more contribution of L. hexandra, was detected when comparing against PC. In the low areas PD and PDR contributed more as twice as coverture of the desirable species of Esteros that PC. The CGA were 29.6; 54.1 and 48.6% to PC, P.D. and P.D.R. Similar tendencies were found in the Desirable Dry Matter (MSD) yield for areas and treatments, with clear definitions in the high (PC =1014; PD =2418; PDR =2004 kg/ha) and low areas (PC =843; PD =2057; PDR =1609 kg/ha), but not so on medium areas (PC =1933; PD =2153; PDR =2087 kg/ha). The vegetation with PC showed slow recovery at the beginning of the rainy season, and had in Bancos 135 days and in Esteros 225 days with yields below 1.000 M.S.D. kg/ha. Thus, a regressive succession existed under PC well defined in the low and high physiographies, and an smaller progress in this medium. While on PD the maintenance of the resources of the vegetation existed, with improvement in low physiography; and under PDR a progressive secondary succession occurred. These processes justify the poor condition of the pasture under PC, on behalf of a good condition for PD and a tendency to the excellent condition for PDR.