The sewage sludge, as physical, chemical and biological conditioning of soil properties, has become important organic fertilizer. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the organic fertilization with different sewage sludge on soil fertility and productivity of corn and beans in intercropping systems. The experimental design was a complete randomized blocks with three replicates. The treatments were: soil without fertilization, liming and chemical fertilization, sewage sludge, sewage sludge sanitized with nim, sewage sludge sanitized with lime, sewage sludge and ipomoea composting, sewage sludge and ipomoea composting with rock phosphate, sewage sludge with rock phosphate incorporated at soil, sewage sludge sanitized with nim and rock phosphate incorporated at soil, sewage sludge sanitized with lime and rock phosphate incorporated at soil, sewage sludge and ipomoea composting with rock phosphate incorporated at soil. The data had been submitted to the analysis of variance and test of Scott-Knott at 5% of probability. The application of sewage sludge with lime increased the alkalinity of the soil and, also, the nutrients available for the plants. However, the changes observed in the chemical characteristics of the soil with the application of the biosolid had not influenced the productivity of the cultures of corn and beans in intercropping system.

O lodo de esgoto, em razão da sua atuação como condicionador das propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, pode se constituir em um importante adubo orgânico. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar o efeito da adubação com diferentes formas de lodo de esgoto sobre a fertilidade do solo e produtividade de grãos de milho e de feijão consorciados. Os tratamentos, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 3 repetições, corresponderam a: Solo sem adubação, Calagem e adubação química, Lodo não higienizado, Lodo higienizado com nim, Lodo higienizado com cal, Composto de lodo e ipomoea, Composto de lodo e ipomoea com fosfato, Lodo não higienizado e fosfato no solo, Lodo higienizado com nim e fosfato no solo, Lodo higienizado com cal e fosfato no solo, Composto de lodo e ipomoea e fosfato no solo. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto tratado com cal aumentou a alcalinidade do solo e, também, a disponibilidade de nutrientes para as plantas. Entretanto, as mudanças observadas nas características químicas do solo com a aplicação deste insumo não influenciaram a produtividade das culturas de milho e de feijão consorciados.

Análises do perfil aromático da carne caprina cozida de animais mestiços foram realizadas utilizando-se animais castrados e inteiros, abatidos com idades de 175, 220, 265 e 310 dias. O perfil aromático da carne caprina foi constituído por 108 voláteis, sendo que 69 foram positivamente identificados e 39 parcialmente caracterizados utilizando-se análises de CG-EM. O perfil aromático da carne caprina foi formado por hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e alicíclicos, aldeídos, compostos benzênicos, álcoois, cetonas, terpenóides, ésteres e compostos heterocíclicos sulfurados, hexadecanal, benzeno, heptano e octadecanal foram os voláteis que apresentaram os maiores índices de abundância relativa. Nas análises quantitativa e qualitativa observaram-se uma predominância de voláteis nos extratos de carne de caprinos castrados. O número total de voláteis e a abundância relativa das diferentes classes de compostos não foram claramente afetados pelo fator idade de abate.

The volatile profile of cooked goat meat was analysed using meat from castrated and intact animals slaughtered at 175, 220, 265 and 310 days. A total of 108 volatiles was detected and from them 69 was identified and a further 39 were partially characterised by GC-MS. The volatile profile was composed by hydrocarbons aliphatic and alicyclic, aldehydes, benzenoid compounds, alcohols, ketones, terpenoids, esters and sulfur compounds. Hexadecanal, benzen, heptane and octadecanal were among the volatiles with highest relative abundance. In both qualitative and quantitative analyses extracts from castrated meat had higher production of volatiles. The total number and the relative abundance of different classes of compounds seemed not to be cleared affected by slaughter age factor.

Biopsies from human localized cutaneous lesions (LCL n = 7) or disseminated lesions (DL n = 8) cases were characterized according to cellular infiltration,frequency of cytokine (IFN-<FONT FACE=Symbol>g</font>, TNF-alpha) or iNOS enzyme producing cells. LCL, the most usual form of the disease with usually one or two lesions, exhibits extensive tissue damage. DL is a rare form with widespread lesions throughout the body; exhibiting poor parasite containment but less tissue damage. We demonstrated that LCL lesions exhibit higher frequency of B lymphocytes and a higher intensity of IFN-gamma expression. In both forms of the disease CD8+ were found in higher frequency than CD4+ T cells. Frequency of TNF-alpha and iNOS producing cells, as well as the frequency of CD68+ macrophages, did not differ between LCL and DL. Our findings reinforce the link between an efficient control of parasite and tissue damage, implicating higher frequency of IFN-gamma producing cells, as well as its possible counteraction by infiltrated B cells and hence possible humoral immune response in situ.

O efeito da idade de abate na composição centesimal e mineral, no pH, na atividade de água e nas qualidades sensoriais da carne caprina foi estudado, utilizando-se para tanto animais machos abatidos ao completarem 175, 220, 265 e 310 dias de nascimento. Após o abate e a desossa, a carne caprina foi submetida às análises físico-químicas de pH, Aw, Ca, Fe e P; às determinações de composição centesimal (umidade, cinzas, proteínas e gorduras) e à análise sensorial, onde foram observados os atributos de: aparência, aroma "caprino", aroma de carne assada, sabor, suculência, maciez, textura e a qualidade da carne. A análise de Variância (ANOVA) dos dados mostrou que as concentrações de umidade, proteínas, cálcio, ferro e pH foram significativamente influenciadas pelo fator idade de abate. Os teores de gordura, proteína e ferro aumentaram com a idade de abate, enquanto que a umidade diminuiu. Através dos teste da análise sensorial, ficou evidente que a idade dos caprinos apresentou um efeito significativo nos atributos sensoriais analisados, tendo-se detectado diferenças significativas entre os caprinos de diferentes idades de abate nos atributos de aparência, aroma "caprino", aroma de carne assada, suculência e maciez. A partir dos resultados das análises físico-químicas e sensoriais pôde-se observar, que o abate de animais mais velhos, isto é, com 310 dias, resultou em ganho nos parâmetros químicos (composição centesimal e mineral) investigados, embora a carne de caprinos abatidos com menor idade (175 dias) tivesse a preferência dos provadores.

The effect of slaughter age on proximate composition and mineral, pH, Aw and sensory analysis were studied in goat meat from Paraiba State flock. Goats were slaughtered at 175, 220, 265 and 310 days old. After slaughter the carcasses were chilled, and total lean was subjected to physic-chemical analysis (pH, Aw, Ca, Fe, P), proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein and fat). In addition sensorial analysis, in which attributes of appearance, goaty aroma, roasted meat aroma, flavour, juiciness, tenderness, texture and overall palatability were also evaluated. Slaughter age had a significant effect on moisture, protein, iron, calcium and pH. Fat, protein and iron contents increased with advancing slaughter age, while moisture content decreased. Results from sensorial analyses showed that slaughter age had a significant effect on organoleptic qualities from goat meat, significant variation on the attributes of appearance, goaty aroma, roasted meat aroma, juiciness, tenderness and overall palatability. Data from chemical composition and sensorial analysis indicated slaughtering "mestiços" goats at 310 days exerted favourable effects on the chemical parameters (proximate composition and mineral), although goat meat from animals slaughtered at 175 days was preferred by the panellists.

A kinetic study of the cells present in the spleen of BALB/c mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni was carried out. The lymphocytes were evaluated phenotypically with monoclonal antibodies and the effect of splenectomy on the modulation of periovular granuloma was also investigated. The infected mice had proportional increases in the numbers of neutophils, plasma cells, macrophages and eosinophils in the spleen. The largest number of neutrophil, plasma cells and macrophage were found between the 8th and the 12th week of infection, while the amount of eosinophils were higher later on, around the 20th week. The lymphocytes phenotipically characterized as Thy 1.2, Lyt 1.2 (CD4) increased mildly in proportional numbers. However, the percentage of lymphocytes with the Lyt 2.2 (CD8) phenotype, which is characteristic of supressor and cytotoxic T cells, increased significantly with the progress of the disease. The numbers of B lymphocytes, which comprise 50% of the mononuclear cells present in the spleen, increased significantly till the 16th week they began to decrease. The mean diameters of periovular granulomas were comparatively similar in both experimental groups (splenectomized and non-splenectomized mice). However, the evolutive types of granuloma (exudative, intermediate and fibrous) in splenectomized mice were proprtionally different from those of non splenectomized mice in the 16th and 24th week of infection. It is inferred that lymphonodes or other secondary lymphoide organs, in the abscence of the spleen, assume a modulating action on periovular granulomas, although the evolution of the granulomas is somehow delayed in splenectomized mice.