Vesiculoviruses (VSV) are zoonotic viruses that cause vesicular stomatitis disease in cattle, horses and pigs, as well as sporadic human cases of acute febrile illness. Therefore, diagnosis of VSV infections by reliable laboratory techniques is important to allow a proper case management and implementation of strategies for the containment of virus spread. We show here a sensitive and reproducible real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection and quantification of VSV. The assay was evaluated with arthropods and serum samples obtained from horses, cattle and patients with acute febrile disease. The real-time RT-PCR amplified the Piry, Carajas, Alagoas and Indiana Vesiculovirus at a melting temperature 81.02 ± 0.8ºC, and the sensitivity of assay was estimated in 10 RNA copies/mL to the Piry Vesiculovirus. The viral genome has been detected in samples of horses and cattle, but not detected in human sera or arthropods. Thus, this assay allows a preliminary differential diagnosis of VSV infections.

We examined the distribution, abundance and density of the Kelp Gull, Larus dominicanus (Lichtenstein, 1823), at Keller Peninsula on two occasions during the breeding season of 2007-2008 (once for incubation and once for chick stages) and compared our results with previously published data. We present information on the number of eggs, incubation success, and initial development of L. dominicanus chicks in the studied sites. The abundance and density of the species has remained statistically similar in Keller Peninsula over the last 30 years (since 1978-1979). Although the abundance and density were almost unchanged, we recorded alterations in the occupation of the breeding areas by L. dominicanus, mainly the abandonment of breeding sites in the eastern portion of Keller Peninsula. The results of the present study compared with similar previous investigations on the abundance of L. dominicanus indicate that the populations have been in equilibrium over the years.

Sementes de pimenta (Capsicum baccatum) 'Dedo de Moça' destinadas ao plantio comercial e adquiridas no município de São Paulo, SP, analisadas quanto à presença de vírus, por meio de testes biológicos e sorológicos revelaram-se infetadas por uma estirpe do Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). Para confirmar a identidade do isolado, promoveu-se a RT-PCR com oligonucleotídeos que flanqueiam a ORF da capa protéica de espécies do gênero Tobamovirus do subgrupo 1. Os fragmentos de DNA amplificados, quando seqüenciados e comparados com outros isolados de tobamovírus depositados no GenBank, apresentaram valores de identidade de nucleotídeos entre 94 e 100% com outras seqüências de PMMoV, inferiores a 75% para as demais espécies de tobamovírus do subgrupo I (Tobacco mosaic virus, Tomato mosaic virus e Odontoglossum ringspot virus) e 65% para os tobamovírus dos subgrupos II e III. O PMMoV-BR revelou 100% de identidade com isolados japoneses, sugerindo que este patógeno pode ter sido introduzido daquele país. A seqüência de aminoácidos deduzidos da capa protéica indicou também, que este isolado não é capaz de quebrar a resistência do gene L3 de Capsicum spp. Fato confirmado pelos sintomas causados nas hospedeiras diferenciais de Capsicum spp., verificando-se que este isolado não foi capaz de infetar plantas de C. chinense (L3) e C. chacoense (L4). Estes resultados confirmaram a importância da caracterização dos isolados de tobamovírus, fundamental para adequação de medidas de controle, principalmente, prevenindo a entrada e posterior disseminação do patógeno em novas áreas de cultivo.

A strain of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was identified by biological and serological analysis of pepper (Capsicum baccatum) 'Dedo de Moça' seeds from São Paulo, SP, Brazil. To confirm these results, RT-PCR was performed with specific primers flanking the coat protein (CP) ORF of tobamoviruses in subgroup 1. The DNA-amplified fragments, when sequenced and compared with other tobamovirus CP sequences stored in the GenBank, showed nucleotide similarity between 94 to 100% with other PMMoV CP sequences, and below 75% with the subgroup I tobamovirus species (Tobacco mosaic virus, Tomato mosaic virus and Odontoglossum ringspot virus) and 65% with species in the subgroups II and III. The Brazilian isolate showed 100% identity with a Japanese isolate, strongly suggesting that this pathogen could have been introduced from that country. This fact confirms the importance of the isolate's characterization, in order to establish adequate control measures to guarantee healthy seed interchange and to avoid the introduction and spread of tobamoviruses into new growing areas. The deduced CP aminoacids sequence showed that the PMMoV-BR was not capable to overcome L3 gene resistance. This fact was confirmed by the inoculation and reaction of differential Capsicum species. The Brazilian isolate was not able to infect C. chinense (L3) and C. chacoense (L4).

Os tospovírus são responsáveis por perdas significativas em diversas culturas, principalmente solanáceas. No município de São José dos Campos (SP), plantas de jiló (Solanum gilo) apresentando sintomas de mosaico, bolhosidades, nanismo e queda acentuada da produção foram coletadas para análise. Visando a caracterização do agente causador dos sintomas, testes biológicos, elétrono microscópicos, sorológicos e moleculares foram realizados. Através de inoculação mecânica em plantas indicadoras das famílias Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae e Solanaceae obtiveram-se resultados típicos aos esperados para tospovírus. Ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão, observaram-se, em contrastação negativa, partículas pleomórficas com diâmetro entre 80 e 110 nm e em cortes ultra-finos partículas presentes em vesículas do retículo endoplasmático. Através de DAS-ELISA, identificou-se o Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV). A partir de RNA total extraído de folhas infetadas, amplificaram-se, via RT-PCR, fragmentos correspondentes ao gene da proteína do capsídeo (cp) os quais foram seqüenciados e comparados com outros depositados no "GenBank". A homologia de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos deduzidos foi respectivamente de 99 e 95% quando comparada com seqüências de isolados de TCSV. A comparação com as outras espécies do gênero Tospovirus apresentou valores de homologia entre 72 e 84%. Estes resultados confirmam a identidade deste vírus como pertencente à espécie TCSV, que é predominante no Estado de São Paulo e importante patógeno de outras plantas cultivadas. Além disso, variedades de jiló quando inoculadas foram susceptíveis tanto ao TCSV como às espécies Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) e Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV).

Tospoviruses are responsible for important losses in most crops, mainly Solanaceae. Gilo (Solanum gilo) plants showing mosaic, blistering, stunting and 100% production losses were collected for analysis from São José dos Campos in the State of São Paulo. Biological, electron microscopy, serological and molecular tests were carried out in order to characterize the virus isolate. The mechanical inoculation on Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae and Chenopodiaceae plants showed typical tospovirus-induced symptoms. Pleomorphic particles from 80 to 110 nm were observed in negatively stained preparations and in vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum of infected cells. Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) was identified by DAS-ELISA. DNA fragments were amplified by RT-PCR, with specific primers designed to the nucleocapsid gene (N) of the main Tospovirus species, sequenced and compared with others in the GenBank. The nucleotide and amino acid deduced sequences homology was 99 and 95%, respectively, with TCSV. Comparison with other Tospovirus species presented values between 74 and 81%. These results confirmed the identity of this virus isolate as TCSV, the main tospovirus species in São Paulo that also damages other Solanaceous crops. Varieties of gilo have been inoculated showing susceptibility to TCSV, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV).