Abstract This article aims to analyze residential segregation by race (racial segregation) and income (economic segregation) in Brazil and explore its relationship with socioeconomic and socio-spatial factors. Residential segregation was assessed using the dissimilarity index based on the 2010 demographic census and considering urban census tracts since segregation is sociologically considered an urban problem. The results for racial segregation showed that it is more evident in cities in the South and Southeast of Brazil and mainly affects the self-declared black population. The approach used to calculate economic segregation involved examining the income level of different low-income groups. Therefore, we consider families that earned between 0 and 1 minimum wage as the group with the greatest social vulnerability. We did not find significant correlations between racial and income segregation indices with aspects such as urbanization (urban population size). Finally, we present the racial segregation indices stratifying families by income thresholds for the 27 Brazilian capitals and conclude that per capita household income is a preponderant factor for the segregation of the poorest, especially in families whose residents self-identify as black.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la segregación residencial por raza (segregación racial) y renta (segregación económica) en Brasil y explorar su relación con factores socioeconómicos y socioespaciales. La segregación residencial se evaluó utilizando el índice de disimilitud con base en el censo demográfico de 2010 y considerando las secciones censales urbanas ya que la segregación es considerada sociológicamente como un problema urbano. Los resultados para la segregación racial mostraron que esta es más evidente en ciudades del sur y del sudeste de Brasil y que afecta principalmente a la población autodeclarada negra. El enfoque usado para calcular la segregación económica implicó examinar el nivel de ingresos de diferentes grupos de bajos ingresos. Por lo tanto, consideramos que las familias que ganaban entre cero y un salario mínimo son el grupo con mayor vulnerabilidad social. No encontramos correlaciones significativas entre los índices de segregación racial y los de ingresos con factores como la urbanización (tamaño de la población urbana). Finalmente, presentamos los índices de segregación racial estratificando a las familias por umbrales de renta para las 27 capitales brasileñas y concluimos que la renta per cápita de los hogares es un factor preponderante para la segregación de los más pobres, en especial en las familias cuyos habitantes se autodeclaran negros.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a segregação residencial por raça (segregação racial) e renda (segregação econômica) no Brasil e explorar sua relação com fatores socioeconômicos e socioespaciais. A segregação residencial foi avaliada pelo índice de dissimilaridade baseado no Censo Demográfico de 2010 e considerando setores censitários urbanos, uma vez que a segregação é entendida sociologicamente como um problema urbano. Os resultados mostram que a segregação racial é mais evidente nas cidades do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, atingindo principalmente a população autodeclarada preta. A abordagem utilizada para calcular a segregação econômica envolveu examinar o nível de renda de diferentes grupos de baixa renda. Portanto, consideramos as famílias que ganham entre 0 e 1 salário mínimo - o grupo de maior vulnerabilidade social. Não encontramos correlações significativas entre os índices de segregação racial e de renda com fatores como a urbanização (tamanho da população urbana). Por fim, apresentamos os índices de segregação racial estratificando as famílias por faixas de renda para as 27 capitais brasileiras e concluímos que a renda domiciliar per capita é fator preponderante para a segregação dos mais pobres, principalmente nas famílias cujos moradores se autodeclaram pretos.

ABSTRACT Peoples who live on the banks of Amazonian rivers carry habits and economic, cultural, spatial heritages and their territories are at the mercy of the natural dynamics of these rivers. From the 2014 flood, families in the Triângulo neighborhood in Porto Velho/RO, in addition to losing part of their economy, the catastrophe involved (1) misconfigured accesses; (2) flooded homes and (3) unassisted families. The question we ask is: what were the impacts of the Santo Antônio HPP on the spatial configuration of the Triângulo neighborhood after its installation? The work aims to examine the impacts on the spatial configuration of the lower area of the Triangle neighborhood and the methodological process is divided into three stages (1) literature review, (2) planialtimetric survey and visits to the neighborhood and (3) representation, modeling and tooling treatment. The study points out that the enterprise compromised extractive activities, disrupted private properties and public elements, resulting in losses for the local population and its surroundings.

RESUMO Povos que vivem às margens de rios amazônicos carregam hábitos e heranças econômicas, culturais, espaciais e seus territórios estão à mercê da dinâmica natural desses rios. A partir da enchente de 2014, famílias do Bairro Triângulo em Porto Velho/RO, além de perderem parte da sua economia, a catástrofe implicou em (1) acessos desconfigurados; (2) habitações inundadas; e (3) famílias desassistidas. O questionamento que fazemos é: quais foram os impactos da UHE de Santo Antônio na configuração espacial do Bairro Triângulo após sua instalação? O trabalho tem objetivo de examinar os impactos na configuração espacial da área baixa do Bairro Triângulo e o processo metodológico está dividido em três etapas (1) revisão de literatura, (2) levantamento planialtimétrico e visitas ao bairro e (3) representação, modelagem e tratamento ferramental. O estudo aponta que o empreendimento comprometeu atividades extrativistas, desconfigurou propriedades particulares e elementos públicos, implicando perdas para a população local e seu entorno.

Abstract Detrended fluctuation analysis and detrended cross-correlation analysis are used in this study to identify and characterize correlated data. The objective of these two techniques is to separate different fluctuations from the contributions due to external trends by evaluating the autocorrelation and cross-correlation exponents, in order to determine if scale properties persist with the size of the series. Two new methodologies were extended from cross-correlation coefficients for local analysis, which we call the \textit{automatic search procedure

Abstract The article1 presents an analysis of texts by a number of authors who deal with Roger Casement’s writings, aiming at assessing how those authors fabricate a discourse based on alleged acts a discourse that ends up perpetuating a representation of Casement’s persona. Casement ends up being both a hero - up until his arrest and condemnation as a traitor to the British Empire - and an antihero - not only after his arrest but also and especially after his Black Diaries were uncovered, bringing about Casement’s disappearance from the public’s view as an important humanist and character in British and Irish histories. The article also tackles the close relation between Casement and the main characters in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.

RESUMO: Nosso objetivo foi analisar os efeitos da acessibilidade sobre a pressão de caça refletida na abundância e biomassa de mamíferos em duas áreas protegidas de diferentes categorias de conservação. Terra indígena e Estação Ecológica, na bacia do rio Xingu, no leste da Amazônia. Para tal, usamos os métodos de transição linear (esforço de 240 km), armadilhas fotográficas (487 dias) e registros complementares. Adicionalmente, desenvolvemos um coeficiente de acessibilidade com base na distância dos rios e estradas navegáveis para o ponto central das trilhas percorridas. Utilizamos regressão linear simples para analisar os efeitos da acessibilidade sobre a biomassa das espécies avistadas (agrupadas em ordens). Encontramos 34 espécies pertencentes a 07 famílias. Não encontramos relação entre a biomassa de mamíferos e nosso índice de acessibilidade, sugerindo que a pressão de caça afeta a área estudada a uma maior distância.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of accessibility on hunting pressure by considering the mammal abundance and biomass of two protected areas belonging to different conservation categories -indigenous land and Ecological Station- in the Xingu River basin, eastern Amazon. For doing so, we used linear transection methods (total effort 240 km, in four tracks), camera traps (487 days) and complementary records. We also developed an accessibility coefficient based on the distance between navigable rivers and roads, and the center point of the sampled trails. We used the Simple linear regression test to analyze the effects of this accessibility on the biomass of the sighted species, gathering them in orders. We found 34 species belonging to seven families and six orders. We found no relation between mammal biomass and our accessibility index, which suggests that hunting pressure affects even the most distant studied areas.

RESUMO A distribuição dos calitriquídeos que habitam o interflúvio Tapajós-Xingu ainda é pouco conhecida, provavelmente devido ao limitado número de estudos que ocorreram nesta região remota. Mico emiliae é um calitriquídeo endêmico do Brasil que ocorre na região limitada pelos rios Jamanxim e Teles Pires e pela Serra do Cachimbo ao oeste e Rio Iriri ao leste, nos estados do Pará e Mato Grosso. Entretanto, sua distribuição ainda é incerta. Após ca. 430 km de levantamentos no Parque Nacional da Serra do Pardo, nós confirmamos a ocorrência desta espécie pela primeira vez aproximadamente 180 km ao leste de seu limite oriental reconhecido no Pará. Esses novos registros expandem a distribuição de M. emiliae até a margem esquerda do rio Xingu, aumentando sua extensão de ocorrência em 83%.

ABSTRACT The distribution of the callitrichids inhabiting the Tapajós-Xingu interfluvium is still poorly understood, probably because of the limited number of studies in this remote region. Mico emiliae is a callitrichid endemic to Brazil, occurring between the Jamanxim and Teles Pires rivers, and Serra do Cachimbo in the west and Iriri River in the east, in the states of Pará and Mato Grosso. However, its current distribution is still uncertain. After ca. 430-km surveys in Serra do Pardo National Park, we successfully confirmed the occurrence of this species for the first time approximately 180 km east of its previously known eastern limit in Pará. Our records expand the distribution of M. emiliae to the left bank of the Xingu River, increasing the known extent of its occurrence by 83%.

Abstract In the present study, phonetics-phonology, grammar and vocabulary of Mapuche language used in collag (songs) are characterized. Consonant system, inventory and function of verbal sufixes and vocabulary were analyzed. From results arise three main conclusions: Firstly, this variety apparently did not share the specific features of chesüngun dialect, currently spoken in Los Lagos Region. Secondly sufixes of non-finite forms became lexicalized or changed irregularly their functions. Lastly, most of the vocabulary present in collag was the same as other varieties of Mapuche language.

Resumen En este estudio se caracteriza la fonética-fonología, gramática y léxico del mapudungún empleado en los collag (cantos) recopilados en el mar interior de Chiloé por Juan Elías Necul alrededor de 1887, pocos años antes de la extinción local del idioma. El trabajo se centra en el sistema de consonantes, el inventario y función de los sufijos verbales y el vocabulario empleado en los cantos. A partir de los resultados se concluye que esta variedad no parecía compartir los rasgos diferenciales del chesüngun hablado actualmente en la región de Los Lagos, que los sufijos de las formas no finitas se habían lexicalizado o habian adoptado otras funciones y que la mayor parte del vocabulario no difiere del vocabulario corriente en otras variedades de la lengua mapuche.

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apo E) is a human glycoprotein with 299 amino acids, and it is a major component of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and a group of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Phylogenetic studies are important to clarify how various apo E proteins are related in groups of organisms and whether they evolved from a common ancestor. Here, we aimed at performing a phylogenetic study on apo E carrying organisms. We employed a classical and robust method, such as Maximum Likelihood (ML), and compared the results using a more recent approach based on complex networks. Thirty-two apo E amino acid sequences were downloaded from NCBI. A clear separation could be observed among three major groups: mammals, fish and amphibians. The results obtained from ML method, as well as from the constructed networks showed two different groups: one with mammals only (C1) and another with fish (C2), and a single node with the single sequence available for an amphibian. The accordance in results from the different methods shows that the complex networks approach is effective in phylogenetic studies. Furthermore, our results revealed the conservation of apo E among animal groups.

Introduction Thermography is a surface thermal radiation measurement technique whose application has been expanding in the healthcare field. The unhealed wound is a serious public health problem because it intervenes in the quality of life of patients and may cause emotional and psychological losses. The wound temperature can provide quantitative data that allow for the healing process to be monitored. The aim of this study was to verify whether thermography can be used as a method to evaluate the healing of pressure ulcers. Methods Eight participants with sacral pressure ulcers were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: A (control) and B (experimental). Both groups received standard treatment for a period of four weeks, which consisted of a daily cleaning of the pressure ulcers with physiological saline (sodium chloride 0.9%) followed by an alginate hydrogel dressing. The group B received light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy in addition to standard treatment, three times a week, yielding a total of 12 sessions. Photographs and thermograms of each pressure ulcer were obtained in all sessions in both groups. Results Pressure ulcers treated with LED phototherapy were healed. The pressure ulcer area of group B decreased over the 12 treatment sessions, whereas the pressure ulcer area of group A increased. The ulcer temperature of group B was higher than that of group A during the treatment (temperature difference up to 7.6%). Discussion The present study suggests a relationship between the temperature and area of pressure ulcers and proposes thermography as an adjunctive method for the evaluation of healing processes.

Giant cell peripheral granuloma is defined as a non-neoplastic soft-tissue lesion caused by a hyperplastic reaction resulting from trauma or local inflammation. Clinically it can be observed as an asymptomatic nodule, generally exhibiting a reddish-bluish hue and variable diameter. It frequently affects marginal gingival tissue. Histologically, it is characterized by the proliferation of mono-nucleated and multi-nucleated giant cells. In general, treatment consists of surgical extirpation and curettage of affected bone walls. Recurrence is a distinct possibility. In the present paper, a scientific literature review is presented along with the presentation of a clinical case of a 14 year old patient diagnosed with Giant cell peripheral granuloma: the lesion was surgically removed using an electric scalpel. The lesion recurred 4 weeks after surgery. Epidemiology of the case was reviewed, along with its clinical, radiographic and histological characteristics. Available therapeutic options and protocols were equally reviewed as well as issues related to differential diagnosis of hyperplastic reactive lesions of the periodontal complex. Priority was given to the causes of the lesion's recurrence.

El granuloma periférico de células gigantes se define como una lesión de tejidos blandos no neoplásica, ocasionada por una reacción hiperplásica como consecuencia de un traumatismo o inflamación local. Clínicamente se observa como un nódulo asintomático, generalmente de coloración rojiza azulada de diámetro variable y que afecta frecuentemente la encía marginal. Histológicamente se caracteriza por la proliferación de células gigantes mononucleadas y multinucleadas. En general, su tratamiento consiste en la exéresis quirúrgica más legrado de las paredes óseas afectadas, pudiendo existir la posibilidad de recidiva. A continuación se presenta una revisión de la literatura y se describe un caso clínico diagnosticado como granuloma periférico de células gigantes en un paciente de 14 años, cuya lesión fue removida quirúrgicamente utilizando electrobisturí, y con recidiva de la lesión. Se discute la epidemiología, características clínicas, radiográficas e histológicas de dicha patología, así como las posibles opciones terapéuticas y protocolos. Además, se comentan brevemente los aspectos relacionados al diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones reactivas hiperplásicas del complejo periodontal, priorizando las posibles causas de la recidiva.

The periodontal probe remains the best clinical diagnostic tool for the collection of information regarding the health status and the attachment level of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of probing depth (PD) measurements made with a manual probe. With the approval of an Ethics Committee, 20 individuals without periodontal disease were selected if they presented at least 6 teeth per quadrant. Using a Williams periodontal probe, three calibrated thesis-level students (k > 0.6) assessed PD at 6 sites per tooth, from the gingival margin to the bottom of the periodontal sulcus (rounded to the next 0.5 mm). Initial and repeated measurements were performed by the same three examiners. The intra-examiner agreement (± 1 mm > 90%) was 99.85%, 100%, and 100% for the three examiners, respectively. When the variables vestibular/lingual surfaces, mesial/distal surfaces, or superior/inferior jaws were evaluated, no significant differences in reproducibility were detected at the inter-examiner level (p < 0.05). At this level, the only significant differences observed were in the three examiners' measurements of the anterior and posterior sites. While high intra-examiner reproducibility was detected, inter-examiner level proved to be low. We can conclude that measurement of PD with a manual periodontal probe produced high reproducibility in healthy individuals. The operator's position can affect the reproducibility of repeated measures of PD. Calibration and operator training, rather than operator experience, were fundamental for reproducibility. Other factors, such as individual technique and probing depth force, can affect inter-examiner reproducibility.

In the ceramic industry, rarely testing systems were employed to on-line detect the presence of defects in ceramic tiles. This paper is concerned with the problem of automatic inspection of ceramic tiles using Infrared Images and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The performance of the technique has been evaluated theoretically and experimentally from laboratory and on line tile samples. It has been performed system for IR image processing and, utilizing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), detecting defected or no defected tile. The system has been applied to detect on-line measurement results achieved at the exit of the press. The above automatic inspection procedures have been implemented and tested on a number of tiles using synthetic and real defects. The results obtained confirmed the efficiency of the methodology defect detection in raw tile and its relevance as a promising approach on-line, as well as included in quality control and inspection programs.

Descobertas recentes revelam que modelos matemáticos euclidianos, de há muito estabelecidos e que procuram reproduzir a geometria da natureza, às vezes se apresentam incompletos e, em determinadas situações, inadequados. Especificamente, muitas das formas encontradas na natureza não são círculos, triângulos, esferas, icosaedros ou retângulos. Enfim, não são simples curvas, superfícies ou sólidos, conforme definidos na geometria clássica de Euclides (300 a.C), cujos teoremas possuem lugar de destaque nos textos de geometria. Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma breve e elementar, mas que busca ser consistente, discussão sobre algumas definições e aplicações relacionadas à geometria fractal, em particular fractais ideais. Caracterizaremos alguns fractais auto-similares que, por sua importância histórica ou riqueza de características, constituem exemplos ilustrativos "clássicos" de propriedades de fractais, propriedades estas que muitas vezes aparecem dispersas numa literatura mais especializada. Mostra-se, por construção, que suas medidas de comprimento, área e volume, nas dimensões euclidianas usuais, dão margem a resultados contraditórios. Estes podem ser explicados pelo fato de que tais objetos só podem ser adequadamente mensurados em espaços de dimensão fracionária.

Recent discoveries reveal that mathematical models, established a long time ago and searching to reproduce the nature's geometry, sometimes result being incomplete and even inadequate in some situations. Specifically, many of the forms found in the nature are not circles, triangles, spheres, icosahedrons or rectangles. Finally, they are not simple curves, surfaces or solids, as defined in the classical geometry of Euclides (300 b.C), whose theorems possesses a prominent place in the geometry texts. In this work a brief and elementary, although intended to be consistent, discussion about some definitions and applications related to the fractal geometry is presented. It is also presented properties of some fractals that, for its historical importance or wealth of characteristics, constitute "classical" illustrative examples of the fractals properties which, despite this, many times appear dispersed in the specialized literature. It is shown, by construction, that the measures of length, area and volume for these objects, within the usual Euclidean dimensions, lead to contradictory results. This can be explained by considering that these objects can be adequately measured using spaces of fractional dimensions.

A hipótese da superioridade competitiva é discutida levando-se em conta duas questões a ela relacionadas: uma referente à complexidade dos fenômenos envolvidos na interação e distribuição das populações de planorbídeos e, outra, ligada à interação que se estabelece entre os caramujos distribuídos numa dada região e o homem ou animal infestado, aí presente. Destaca-se a distribuição de planorbídeos na Amazônia, e o problema da endemia na região é levantado.

The hypothesis of competitive superiority is discussed in the light, first, of the complexity of the phenomena involved in the interaction and distribution of planorbid populations and, secondly, of the relation that is established between the snails of any given region and the infected human or animal host. Special attention is given to the distribution of planorbids in the Amazon, and the endemic problem of the region is dealt with.

A hipótese da superioridade competitiva é discutida levando-se em conta duas questões a ela relacionadas: uma referente à complexidade dos fenômenos envolvidos na interação e distribuição das populações de planorbídeos e, outra, ligada à interação que se estabelece entre os caramujos distribuídos numa dada região e o homem ou animal infestado, aí presente. Destaca-se a distribuição de planorbídeos na Amazônia, e o problema da endemia na região é levantado.

The hypothesis of competitive superiority is discussed in the light, first, of the complexity of the phenomena involved in the interaction and distribution of planorbid populations and, secondly, of the relation that is established between the snails of any given region and the infected human or animal host. Special attention is given to the distribution of planorbids in the Amazon, and the endemic problem of the region is dealt with.