Maytenus distichophylla is a medicinal species used in Northeast of Brazil. The hexane (HE), chloroform (CE), ethyl acetate (EAE) and methanol (ME) extracts and compounds from its roots were evaluated for their protective activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity for chronic myeloid leukemia (K562), acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal individuals (PBMC) cells was established by MTT method using etoposide as standard. The in vivo toxicity of samples was determined using Caenorhabditis elegans model. From HE and CE were isolated: friedelan-3-one (1), b-sitosterol (2), 3-oxo-olean-9(11),12-diene (3), a mixture of pristimerin (4) and 11a-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one (5), 30-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one (6), friedelane-3,7-dione (7), tingenone (8) and triacylglycerol (9). The structures of 1-9 were confirmed by spectral data. All samples reduced the viability of S. aureus and present no effect against C. albicans. The HE, CE, mixture of 4/5 and 8 reduced 75% of S. aureus viability. Cytotoxic effect for K562 and THP-1 cells was caused by compounds 1, 2 and 8. All samples displayed selectivity for leukemic cells and low toxicity to PBMC cells, suggesting their potential as anticancer agents. Extracts and compounds were non-toxic to L1 larvae of C. elegans. However, most of them reduced significantly young adult worm’s survival, being considered as potential nematicides.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficiencia de los nematodos entomopatógenos en el control de la cochinilla de la raíz de yuca Dysmicoccus sp. en condiciones de laboratorio e invernadero. Las cochinillas fueron criadas sobre zapallos "Cabotiá" en cámara climática a 27 ± 1 °C, HR: 70 ± 10% y sin fotofase. Fue realizado una prueba de selección con 15 aislamientos y los que causaron mayor porcentaje de mortalidad en los insectos fueron utilizados en pruebas de concentraciones (0, 5, 10, 20, 50 juveniles infectivos/cm²), desplazamiento en columna de arena, producción in vivo en larvas de Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) y prueba de patogenicidad en invernadero. Los aislados NEPET11 (Heterorhabditis sp.) y RSC05 (H. amazonensis) fueron los que presentaron mayor virulencia sobre las cochinillas en el ensayo de selección con porcentaje de mortalidad del 93% y el 90%, respectivamente, no sin diferencia estadística entre ellos. En la prueba de concentraciones, el aislado NEPET11 presentó mayor mortalidad en los insectos en menores concentraciones ensayadas. En relación con la prueba de desplazamiento, ambos aislados presentaron 100% de mortalidad de los insectos, sin diferencia significativa entre ellos. En el ensayo de producción en larvas de G. mellonella de los aislados NEPET11 y RSC05, la producción final fue aproximadamente 7.0 x 10(4) y 7.2 x 10(4) juveniles infectivos/g de larvas, respectivamente, sin diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos. La prueba en macetas en invernadero tampoco presentó resultados significativos.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of entomopathogenic nematodes in the control of cassava root mealybug Dysmicoccus sp. under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Cochineals were reared in "Cabotiá" pumpkin in climatic chambers at 27 ± 1 °C, with relative humidity (RH) of 70 ± 10%, and without photoperiod. The selection test was carried out with 15 isolates, and the ones which caused the greater percentage of insect mortality were used in concentration tests (0, 5, 10, 20, 50 Infective Juveniles/cm²), in sand column displacement, in the in vivo production of Galleria mellonella larvae, and in pathogenicity tests in greenhouse. The isolates NEPET11 (Heterorhabditis sp.) and RSC05 (H. amazonensis) showed the greatest virulence to cochineals in the selection trial, with mortality percentages of 93% and 90%, respectively, and did not differ between each other. In the concentration test, the isolate NEPET11 showed the greatest insect mortality in lower concentrations. With regard to the displacement test, both isolates showed 100% insect mortality, with no significant difference. In the G. mellonella larval production trial of NEPET11 and RSC05 isolates, approximately 7.0 x 10(4) and 7.2 x 10(4) infective juveniles/g larvae were produced, respectively, with no significant difference between treatments. Tests in greenhouse pots did not produced significant results.

Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), es una importante plaga de aviarios de difícil control en función de sus hábitos y de la dificultad del uso de insecticidas sintéticos. Sin embargo, los nemátodos entomopatógenos tienen potencial como una alternativa para el control de éste insecto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el aislado de nemátodo entomopatógeno más eficiente para su utilización en el control de adultos de A. diaperinus. Fueron evaluados 14 aislamientos, y para aquel que presentó mejor virulencia fueran estimadas la DL50 y DL90, como la eficiencia del nemátodo en diferentes temperaturas (18, 22, 26, 30 y 35°C), sobre adultos del insecto. Se evaluó también para esto el efecto de la cama de aviario y de productos sanitarios sobre los nemátodos. Los 14 aislamientos evaluados fueron patogénicos con valores de mortalidad que variaron de 1 a 99%. Steinernema arenarium fue el más eficiente causando 99% de mortalidad. La LC90 estimada fue de 106 JI/insecto (aproximadamente 25JI/cm²). Se observó que temperaturas superiores a 30°C no fueron viables para los nemátodos y la cama de aviário presentó efecto antagonista a la acción del mismo, siendo su acción totalmente nula sobre adultos, y reduciendo 57% la eficiencia sobre las larvas.

Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an important poultry insect pest, is difficult because of the insect's behavior and biology and the restrictions for the used of synthetic insecticides. So, entomopathogenic nematodes are an alternative for A. diaperinus control. This study aimed to screen in laboratory entomopathogenic nematodes for A. diaperinus control. Fourteen strains were tested, and for the best LC50 and LC90 was estimated, as well as the control efficiency on adult insects at different temperatures (18, 22, 26, 30 and 35°C). The poultry litter and sanitary products effect on nematodes were also evaluated. All strains were pathogenic with mortality values varying from 1 to 99%. Steinernema arenarium was the most effective causing 99% mortality. The estimated LC90 was 106 infective juveniles (IJ) per insect (approximately 25 IJ/cm²). No nematodes activity was observed at temperatures above 30°C. The antagonistic action of poultry litter inhibit completely the effect on adult insects and a reduction on larvae control by 57%.

Os nematóides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) apresentam potencial para o controle biológico de pragas e têm sido usados com sucesso, em vários países, no controle de pragas de solo e de ambientes crípticos, como a cochonilha-da-raiz-do-cafeeiro Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley). Testes de laboratório demonstram que estes agentes apresentam alta virulência sobre este inseto, no entanto, são necessários testes que avaliem a eficiência dos NEPs em condições de casa-de-vegetação e campo, sendo este o objetivo do presente trabalho. O experimento em condição de casa-de-vegetação para o controle da cochonilha foi realizado em vasos infestados, usando dois isolados do nematóide e dois métodos de aplicação (cadáver infectado e suspensão aquosa), conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com cinco repetições. O experimento em condições de campo foi conduzido em blocos casualisados (6 blocos), para avaliar a eficiência de dois isolados heterorhabditídeos no controle da cochonilha-da-raiz-do-cafeeiro. Os resultados mostraram que, em casa-de-vegetação, o método de suspensão aquosa apresentou melhores resultados para os dois isolados, sendo que JPM3 aplicado em suspensão aquosa foi o melhor tratamento, apresentando eficiência de controle de 70%. No experimento de campo, apenas o tratamento com o inseticida Actara 250 WG (thiamethoxam), usado como padrão de comparação, e JPM3, aplicado em suspensão aquosa, diferiram da testemunha, apresentando 81 e 65% de eficiência de controle, respectivamente.

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have potential for biological pest control and have been successfully used in several countries in soil and cryptic pests control, as for example the coffee root mealybug Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley). Laboratory tests demonstrated that these agents are highly virulent to the insect, but semi-field and field tests are needed to determine their efficiency. Greenhouse tests were made in infested pots with two isolates and two application methods dead insect bodies and aqueous suspension in a complete randomized design with five replicates. Field tests were made in randomized plots (six plots) to evaluate six isolates of Heterorhabditis on coffee root for mealybug control. Greenhouse results demonstrate that aqueous suspension was more efficient for the two isolates, with 70% control efficiency for JPM3. In field experiments, treatments with aqueous suspensions of insecticide Actara 250 WG (thiamethoxam), used for comparison, and JPM3 were the only ones statistically different from control, with 81 and 65% control efficiency, respectively.

A importância econômica do cascudinho, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), para a avicultura e a ausência de medidas de controle eficientes e seguras têm levado à busca de alternativas no controle microbiano. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a patogenicidade de nematóides entomopatogênicos da família Steinernematidae contra larvas e adultos do inseto. Verificou-se que as larvas foram mais suscetíveis que os adultos e que dois isolados de S. carpocapsae foram os mais patogênicos.

The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is an important pest in poultry production systems. Due to the lack of effective and safe tactics to control this insect the interest on developing alternative control tactics such as microbial control has increased. The pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) was evaluated in laboratory conditions, against larvae and adults of the lesser mealworm. Adults were less susceptible than larvae and two strains of S. carpocapsae were the most pathogenic.

Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) é uma das pragas mais importantes que atacam criações comerciais de frango de corte em todo o mundo. Os insetos são hospedeiros de microrganismos patogênicos às aves, provocam ferimentos no trato digestivo das mesmas e afetam a conversão alimentar. Embora seja praticado, o controle dos insetos com inseticidas químicos é insatisfatório, na maioria das vezes, e oferece risco às aves. O controle biológico destaca-se como alternativa viável, uma vez que os entomopatógenos são inócuos a animais homeotérmicos, não oferecendo risco de contaminação às aves e ao produtor. A presença de entomopatógenos no ambiente contribui para o controle natural dos insetos-praga e, neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo registrar a ocorrência natural de Metarhizium anisopliae sobre adultos de A. diaperinus, em aviários comerciais no município de Cascavel, PR.

Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), the lesser mealworm, is the most important pest in large-scale poultry production and is capable of harboring several types of poultry pathogens. Chickens feed readily on the beetles in infested litter and this sometimes causes nutritional problems and the weight gain may be affected. Chemical insecticides are usually applied, however beetle infestation are very difficult to control using these products. Besides, this control method can also offer risks to chicken and man. Microbial control may be a promising strategy to control A. diaperinus in poultry houses and natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi is very important to control the lesser mealworm in poultry houses. The objective of this work was to register the occurrence of Metarhizium anisopliae on adults of the lesser mealworm in commercial poultry houses in Brazil.