Resumo A avaliação da atividade inflamatória intestinal em pacientes com doença de Crohn tem sido tradicionalmente um desafio, principalmente pela dificuldade do acesso endoscópico ao intestino delgado. Por muito tempo os estudos baritados foram a única opção disponível, tendo sido progressivamente substituídos por novas técnicas de imagens seccionais, sendo hoje a enterografia por tomografia computadorizada (entero-TC) e por ressonância magnética (entero-RM) as modalidades de escolha para essa avaliação. Esses dois métodos de imagem acrescentam informações importantes quanto ao acometimento da parede intestinal e às manifestações extraintestinais relacionadas à doença de Crohn, avaliando não somente as características das lesões e as complicações, mas também quantificando a atividade inflamatória intestinal. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar os principais aspectos técnicos dos exames, as suas indicações, contraindicações, limitações e características de imagem da entero-TC e entero-RM na avaliação da atividade inflamatória da doença de Crohn.

Abstract The evaluation of inflammatory bowel activity in patients with Crohn’s disease has traditionally been a challenge, mainly because of the difficulty in gaining endoscopic access to the small bowel. Historically, barium-based contrast studies were the only option for the evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn’s disease. They were gradually replaced by cross-sectional imaging techniques, computed tomography enterography (CTE) and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) now being the modalities of choice for such evaluations. Those two imaging methods have provided important information regarding intestinal wall involvement and extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn’s disease, not only assessing lesion characteristics and complications but also quantifying inflammatory bowel activity. The objective of this article is to review the main technical aspects of CTE and MRE, together with their indications, contraindications, and limitations, as well as the CTE and MRE imaging characteristics of inflammatory activity in Crohn’s disease.

Resumo As lesões iatrogênicas das vias biliares são relativamente frequentes e aumentam as taxas de morbidade e mortalidade pós- operatória. A colangiografia por ressonância magnética ponderada em T2 e as imagens hepatobiliares funcionais com ácido gadoxético (CRM-F) são fundamentais na abordagem diagnóstica desses pacientes. Os autores apresentam uma revisão da literatura e sugerem uma manejo radiológico da lesão do trato biliar, demonstrando, por meio de casos clínicos, como a CRM-F pode contribuir no processo de tomada de decisão no manejo desses pacientes.

Abstract Iatrogenic lesion of the bile ducts is a relatively common occurrence during liver surgery, increasing morbidity and mortality rates. T2-weighted magnetic resonance cholangiography and gadoxetic acid-enhanced functional magnetic resonance cholangiography (fMRC) with administration of hepatobiliary-specific contrast medium (gadoxetic acid) are fundamental to the diagnostic imaging approach in patients with such lesions. Here, we present a review of the literature and suggest an imaging approach to biliary tract injury, focusing on clinical cases in which fMRC had an impact on the decision-making process for the management of the affected patients.

Resumo O linfoma hepático pode ser dividido em primário e secundário. Para ser classificada como linfoma hepático primário, a doença deve estar limitada ao fígado e linfonodos hilares, sem acometimento de outros órgãos (incluindo a medula óssea). O linfoma hepático primário é muito raro, correspondendo a menos de 1% de todos os linfomas não Hodgkin. Já o envolvimento secundário do fígado ocorre em quase metade dos casos de linfoma não Hodgkin. O conhecimento dos aspectos de imagem do linfoma hepático é importante para o diagnóstico precoce e manejo adequado do paciente. Com base em imagens de casos, nosso objetivo é revisar o papel da imagem por tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética na identificação e segmento do linfoma hepático, ilustrando e descrevendo o amplo espectro de achados de imagem observados nas formas primária e secundária da doença.

Abstract Hepatic lymphoma can be divided into its primary and secondary forms. To be classified as primary hepatic lymphoma, the disease should be limited to the liver and hilar lymph nodes, with no distant involvement (to the bone marrow or other sites). Primary hepatic lymphoma is quite rare, accounting for less than 1% of all cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, whereas secondary hepatic lymphoma affects nearly half of such cases. Familiarity with the imaging features of hepatic lymphoma is important for its early diagnosis and appropriate management. In this essay, we aim to review the roles of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in identifying and monitoring hepatic lymphomas, using sample cases to describe and illustrate the wide spectrum of imaging findings in the primary and secondary forms of this disorder.

Duas variedades de quiabeiro foram testadas, em condições de casa de vegetação, com solo de textura areno-barrenta, na sua tolerância para 16 herbicidas, cada qual aplicado em uma única dose. Dentre os herbicidas aplicados em pré-plantio incorporado o triflu-ralin destacou-se no combate às ervas daninhas gramíneas e não causou nenhum dano para a planta do quiabeiro. Os herbicidas cloroxuron, linuron, norea e propachlor mostraram ótimos resultados no cambate às ervas más e quanto à tolerância dessa malvácea. Do grupo das triazinas, todos os herbicidas usados nas condições do teste provocaram danos para o quiabeiro.

Two okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) varieties were tested for their tolerance to sixteen herbicides at one rate each, as a pre-planting and as a pre-emergence applications in greenhouse trials. The results with the incorporated herbicides showed that only tri-fluralin at 0,75 kg/ha active ingredient was promising to this crop. Different results were obtained with the pre-emergence applications of the group of urea and anilide herbicides. While no symptoms of injury were observed with chloroxuron, norea, linuron, and propachlor, injury symptoms were evident with diuron, fluometuron, metobromuron and siduron. The four triazine herbicides were very damaging to the okra plants. Under the conditions of these tests, only the herbicides trifluralin, chloroxuron, norea, and linuron were promising to the okra crop.

Em experimento de contrôle de ervas daninhas na cultura do milho foram comparados três herbicidas (Atrazina, Lorox e Ramrod), aplicados individualmente e em mistura, em várias doses e em diferentes épocas de aplicação. Aplicados em pré-emergência tiveram ação mediana no combate às monocotiledôneas os herbicidas Lorox e Atrazina. A mistura Lorox + Ramrod mostrou-se a mais promissora contra as gramíneas. O tratamento Lorox + Atrazina, em aplicação dirigida, pós-emergência ao milho e pré-emergência ao mato, foi o mais satisfatório, particularmente no combate às dicotiledôneas. O tratamento Lorox + Atrazina, aplicado em cobertura total, em pós-emergência ao milho prejudicou a cultura do cereal.

In experiments to control weeds in corn, conducted on purple latosol soil, of the Chapadão series, three herbicides (Atrazine, Lorox and Ramrod) were compared, by applying them individually or in mixtures, in various doses and at different stages of the culture. As pre-emergent treatment, Atrazine was the most efficient in controlling annual broad leaf weeds. Lorox and Atrazine had a moderate action in the control of monocotyledonous weeds. The combination Lorox and Ramrod (1 kg/ha + 2 kg/ha) was the most promising in the reduction of grass weed species. The treatment Lorox + Atrazine (1 kg/ha + 1 kg/ha), in direct application, post-emergent in regard to corn and pre-emergent in regard to weeds, was the most satisfactory, in particular in the control of dicotyledonous weeds. This was the most long-lasting control of weeds. However, the same treatment Lorox + Atrazine, in broadcast application, post-emergent for the corn and for the weeds, was harmful for the corn crop.

Experimentos foram conduzidos, em solo areno-argiloso da formação Glacial, em Campinas, para estudar os efeitos da aplicação do herbicida «Ramrod» em canteiros para formação de mudas de cebola. Foram testadas as doses de 1,30, 1,95, 2,60, 3,90 e 5,20 kg/ha de ingrediente ativo. Em relação ao combate às ervas más dicotiledôneas, apenas a dose de 1,30 kg/ha não foi superior à da testemunha. Para qualquer das doses utilizadas não se verificaram sintomas visuais de fitotoxicidade nas plantas. Pequeno efeito residual do produto foi constatado em todas as doses, aos 50-60 dias após a aplicação.

Two experiments to determine the effect of various rates of Ramrod herbicide on the development of onion seedlings were conducted on sandy-clay soil type, of Glacial formation, at the «Theodureto de Camargo» Experiment Station, Campinas. The results may be summarized as follows: 1 - Ramrod herbicide as pre-emergence application may be used for weed control on onion seedling formation. No apparent damage was noted with the application of the different rates of the herbicide. 2 - The comparison between Ramrod at 1.30 kg per hectare a. i. with the check treatment revealed no significant difference in the control of dicotyledoneous species that were found 22 days after sowing. 3 - The comparison of Ramrod at 1.95 and 2.60 kg per hectare a.i. of experiment 1, and 2.60, 3.90 and 5.20 kg per hectare a.i. of experiment 2 with the check treatment, showed highly significant differences in the control of dicotyledoneous species after 22 and 34 days. 4 - After 8 weeks no residual effect was observed from any rate of application of Ramrod. There was a regrowth of weeds after that period. 5 - Based on these experiments Ramrod at 1.95 up to 3.90 kg per hectare a.i., depending on soil type, could be recommended for weed control in onion seedbeds.

Visando eliminar as práticas convencionais de cultivo, nas lavouras de feijão-vagem (Phaseolus vulgarisL.), fêz-se uso, no combate às ervas daninhas, dos herbicidas EPTC, cloroxuron, trifluralin e DNBP. Quanto à produção total de vagens, não houve diferença significativa entre os diversos tratamentos. Todos os herbicidas experimentados revelaram eficácia no combate às ervas daninhas, sendo que o cloroxuron e o DNBP tiveram ação mais duradoura. O herbicida cloroxuron revelou-se fitotóxico para essa cultura, causando clorose pronunciada e consequent? morte de muitas plantas.

Four herbicides were tested ot control weeds in snap bean (Phascolus vulgarisL.) cultures, in pre-emergent conditions. EPTC and Irifluralin were incorporated before, whereas cloroxuron and DNBP after planting, but without incorporation iu the soil. A plot was cultivated by usual practices as check. Under the conditions of this experiment, there was no appreciable increase in the bean yield, but all the herbicides tested were efficacious in controlling the weeds. Those applied after planting showed better residual effects. Some toxicity of cloroxuron on snap beans was noted.

Foram estudados os efeitos das variações nos métodos de aplicação dos herbicidas Diuron e Trifluralin na cultura algodoeira, para verificar sua eficiência no combate às ervas daninhas. O tratamento Trifluralin aplicado em pré-plantio incorporado, provocou excelente combate às ervas daninhas gramíneas, porém irrisória redução da população das dicotiledôneas. A aplicação de Trifluralin em pré-plantio incorporado e a de Diuron em pré-emergência, aumentaram consideravelmente a área de contrôle nos dois grupos de ervas más. O tratamento Diuron aplicado em pré-emergência foi bastante efetivo no combate às ervas de "fôlhas largas", enquanto que no combate às gramineas não foi tão eficiente. O incorporação do Diuron, aplicado em pré-plantio, não aumentou a eficiência do produto químico. A redução da dose de Diuron em pré-plantio incorporado ou em pré-emergência não proporcionou combate adequado às ervas más.

1 - An experiment to study the various modalities of the application of the herbicides diuron and trifluralin in cotton plantings was carried out in purple latosol soil, Chapadão series. The two herbicides were applied in various doses and at different times. The most common weeds in the trial area were capim pé-de-galinha (goosegrass), capim carrapicho (sandbur), capim colchão (crabgrass), beldroega (purslane), carraplcho de carneiro, and poaia. 2 - The effectiveness of diuron (1.60 kg/ha), applied pre-planting, was not increased by incorporation into the soil. The control of weeds was efficient, but the yield was inferior to that of plots without incorporation. Of the weeds that survived the treatment, a predominance of grass species was noted. Some of the cotton leaves turned yellow in plots that received this herbicide, but this chlorosis was temporary and the plants regained their normal color within a few weeks. The tolerance of cotton for the treatments did not appear to be affected by the method of application of the herbicides. The method of incorporation in pre-planting was not found to be more advantageous than the pre-emergence treatment. 3 - A reduction in the dosage of diuron (0.80 kg/ha) in pre-pianting, with subsequent incorporation into the soil, did not give adequate control of annual weeds. 4 - The application of trifluralin (1 kg/ha), incorporated in pre-planting, gave excellent control of grass weeds, but the dicotyledonous species were little affected. 5 - A combination of diuron (0.80 kg/ha) and trifluralin (0.5 kg/ha) appears to be practical. The application of trifluralin in pre-planting, incorporated into the soil, and of diuron in pre-emergence, increased considerably the area of control of both groups of weeds. This practice, using two herbicides, offers the following advantages; a) greater variety of weeds controlled; b) a lessening of the opportunity for chlorosis to appear in the cotton by the use of a smaller dosage of diuron; c) a reduced residual effect for the subsequent crops; d) the band application of two products and reduction in cost of applied material; e) the possibility of cultivating between rows without loss of efficiency of the incorporated product. 6 - The treatment with diuron (1.60 kg/ha) applied in pre-emergence was sufficiently effective in the control of broad leaf weeds, while control of grass species was less so. Slight symptoms of phytotoxicity were noted, but these were not sufficient to affect the yield and with further development of the crop they disappeared. The yield from herbicide-treated plots was greater than that from check plots which received manual hoeing.

Uma série de três ensaios com nove inseticidas diferentes foi realizada para estudar seus efeitos sôbre o contrôle do tripes vector de vira-cabeça. Granutox-5, aplicado no solo, Folidol 60 (0,25%) e Dieldrex 20. (2,0%), em pulverizações foliares, apresentaram os melhores resultados; Metasystox (i) (0,4%) e Phosdrin C. E. 2 (1,0%), em pulverizações, também foram bastante promissores para o contrôle da moléstia. À redução na porcentagem de infecção com a moléstia nos melhores tratamentos não correspondeu grande aumento de produção, em comparação com a testemunha. Isto foi atribuído, em parte, ao efeito fitotóxico de alguns inseticidas, uma vez que foram aplicados em concentrações bem mais elevadas do que as recomendadas pelos fabricantes.

A series of three tests with nine different insecticides was carried out with tomatoes to compare their effect on the control of the thrips Vector (Frankliniella sp) of vira-cabeça (Brazilian tomato spotted wilt). Granutox-5 applied to the soil and Folidol 60 or Dieldrex 20 sprayed on the foliage gave the best results. Metasystox (i) and Phosdrin C. E. 2, also applied as sprays, promoted some control, but not so good as that given by the insecticides of the first group. Yield increases were not necessarily parallel to vira-cabeça control when treated plots were compared. This result is in part attributed to the phytotoxical effect of some of the insecticides, since they were all applied at a somewhat higher concentration than that recommended by manufacturers.

No presente trabalho são apresentadas observações sôbre a freqüência de várias anomalias encontradas em frutos e sementes de diversas variedades de Coffea arabica, em C. canephora, C. Dewevrei, C. congensis, C. liberica e em alguns híbridos interespecíficos. C. arabica var. typica foi considerada como padrão nas comparações realizadas no grupo de variedades dessa espécie. De um modo geral as sementes poliembriônicas apresentam dois embriões. No entanto, algumas sementes com três embriões foram também achadas, porém com freqüência mais reduzida. Observou-se 1,19% de sementes poliembriônicas na var. typica, enquanto a incidência dêste tipo de sementes foi de 3,47% para a var. angustifolia e 3,16% para a var. erecta. Proporções muito reduzidas de sementes poliembriônicas foram encontradas em C. canephora (café Robusta), C. congensis (Congensis Bangelan) e no híbrido tetraploide C. arabica x C. Dewevrei (cafeeiro 387). Sementes sem embrião foram achadas com maior freqüência no Caturra Amarelo, Cêra, Goiaba Amarelo e Nana, e no café Kouillou (C. canephora), Congensis Bangelan, C. Dewevrei e no híbrido interespecífico C. liberica x C. Dewevrei. A alta freqüência de sementes sem embrião no Caturra Amarelo é limitada a um cafeeiro, C 476-15, e a algumas plantas de sua progênie. Êste característico provavelmente é hereditário. Verificou-se que a var. typica de C. arabica apresenta 0,21% de lojas do fruto com falsa poliembrionia. As porcentagens correspondentes para o Mundo Novo, Bourbon Amarelo e Mokka foram de 5,34, 4,97 e 4,91, respectivamente. Em C. congensis (Bangelan) e C. Dewevrei, esta anomalia foi encontrada com alta freqüência. A falsa poliembrionia é responsável pelas sementes "concha", as quais podem se formar em frutos com um, dois ou três lóculos desenvolvidos. A freqüência de lojas vazias, sem sementes, foi de 6,60% para a var. typica, enquanto o café Mundo Novo e a var. erecta apresentaram 29,50 e 30,00%, respectivamente. Entre as outras espécies, C. Dewevrei, C. canephora (Robusta) e C. liberica x C. Dewevrei apresenta incidência maior desse defeito. Sementes moca ocorrem com freqüência variável nas variedades de C. arabica : é baixa em C. Dewevrei e mais elevada para C. canephora, C. congensis e nos híbridos arabica x Dewevrei e liberica x Dewevrei. A freqüência de sementes oriundas de frutos triloculares é mais elevada nas variedades de C. arabica, purpurascens, semperflorens, mokka e Bourbon Amarelo. Proporções muito elevadas dêste tipo de sementes foram encontradas para algumas variedades de C. Dewevrei.

It is known that seeds with more than one embryo (polyembryonic) as well as germless seeds are found to occur in the cultivated species of Coffea. Fruits with more than one seed per locule (false polyembryony) or fruit locules without normal seeds are also found as well as fruits with only one developed locule (peaberry seeds), or trilocular fruits presenting three seeds. This paper presents the observations made on the frequencies of these abnormalities in several varieties of C. arabica, in C. canephora, C. Dewevrei, C. congensis and C. liberica and also in some interspecific hybrids. C. arabica var. typica was considered as a standard in comparisons made among arabica varieties. As a rule, polyembryonic seeds present two embryos. However, seeds with three normal embryos were also found with very low frequency. It vas observed that 1.19 per cent of polyembryonic seeds occurred in var. typica, while the incidence of this type of seed was 3.47 per cent for var. angustifolia and 3.16 per cent for var. erecta. For other species than arabica very reduced proportions of polyembryonic seeds were found in C. canephora (Robusta coffee), C. congensis (Congensis Bangelan) and in a tetraploid hybrid C. arabica x C. Dewevrei (plant number C 387). Germless seeds were more frequently found in Yellow Caturra, Cera, Yellow Goiaba and Nana, among arabica varieties, and in Kouillou (C. canephora) Congensis Bangelan (C. congensis), C. Dewevrei and in the interspecific hybrid C. liberica x C. Dewevrei. The higher frequency of germless seeds in the Yellow Caturra was limited to a single plant, C. 476-15 and to a few plants in its progeny. This is probably an inherited character. It was observed that typica variety of C. arabica presents 0.21 per cent of fruit locules with false polyembryony. The corresponding percentages for Mundo Novo, Yellow Goiaba and Mokka were 5.34, 4.97, and 4.91 per cent, respectively. In C. congensis Bangelan and C. Dewevrei this abnormality is also found with high frequency. False polyembryony is responsible for the commercial seed type called "elephant bean", which may be formed in fruits with one, two or three developed locules. The frequency of empty fruit locules was 6.60 per cent for typica while Mundo Novo and var. erecta presented 29.50 per cent and 30.00 per cent respectively. Among the other species, C. Dewevrei, C. canephora (Robusta) and C. liberica x C. Dewevrei presented higher incidences of empty fruit locules. The frequencies of peaberry seeds were variable for the arábica varieties, low for C. Dewevrei, and high for C. canephora, C. congensis and the hybrids arabica x Dewevrei and liberica x Dewevrei. Seeds from trilocular fruits were found with higher frequencies in the arábica varieties purpurascens, semperflorens, mokka, and Yellow Bourbon. Unusually high proportions of this seed type were found in certain varieties of C. Dewevrei.