Abstract Vegetable dietary protein sources are cheaper alternatives to fishmeal in shrimp diets. This study assessed the impact of fermented and non-fermented soybean and canola meals on growth performance, in vivo and in vitro digestibility, digestive enzyme activities and meat quality of Litopenaeus van-namei. A total of 513 shrimps were randomly assigned to treatments (control and two experimental diets). Animals on the control diet (CD) were fed a commercial feed concentrate. For the other treatments, the fishmeal protein source was totally replaced by a mixture of soybean and canola meal (50:50), either unfermented (SC) or fermented (FSC). Results showed that fermentation significantly increased (P < 0.05) the hydrolysis degree (HD) of SC meals by 12 % compared to that of their unfermented counterparts. Also, it was found that canola meal had higher HD compared to soybean meal, both before and after fermentation. The use of SC diet decreased protein digestibility in shrimps (P < 0.05), although there was no significant variation in the activity of total proteases and chymotrypsin. Production performance traits of shrimps fed diets with FSC were comparable to those of shrimps on the control diet. The increase in shear force of shrimps fed FSC was accompanied by an increase in the water holding capacity (WHC) by 8-9 % (P < 0.05). Sensory attributes were similar across diets. In summary, this study showed it is possible to fully replace fish meal with FSC in shrimp diets without impairing production performance traits, dietary protein digestibility, and shrimp meat quality.

Abstract The present study analyzes the relationship of the teaching-learning process of Peruvian history with the construction of Peruvian identity, understanding that it should be reinforced at home from an early age beyond what the school can encourage. The wiñay.pe project consists of the design of an educational portal that contains a series of visual elements that allow the knowledge of the history of Peru and is born in consideration of the characteristics of the target audience: fifth grade children in a private school in the city of Lima, who, being digital natives, require innovations and the use of technological resources to capture and keep their attention on the message. The article shows the development achieved by this project, which consisted of the design and illustration of emblematic characters of Peruvian history telling the historical facts of Peru in a 2D animation, as well as the presentation of auxiliary didactic material, such as a board game and didactic sheets as a support and aid in history classes.

Resumen El presente estudio analiza la relación del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la historia del Perú con la construcción de identidad peruana, entendiendo que debe reforzarse en el hogar desde temprana edad más allá de lo que la escuela pueda fomentar. El proyecto wiñay.pe consiste en el diseño de un portal educativo que contiene una serie de elementos visuales que permiten el conocimiento de la historia del Perú y nace en consideración de las características del público al que va dirigido: niños del quinto grado de primaria en una escuela privada de la ciudad de Lima, quienes, al ser nativos digitales, requieren de innovaciones y del uso de recursos tecnológicos que permitan captar y mantener su atención en el mensaje. El artículo muestra el desarrollo alcanzado por este proyecto que consistió en el diseño y la ilustración de personajes emblemáticos de la historia peruana contando los hechos históricos del Perú en una animación 2D, así como en la presentación de material didáctico auxiliar, como un juego de mesa y unas láminas didácticas a manera de soporte y ayuda en las clases de historia.

Abstract We aimed to compare the effect of three estradiol benzoate (EB) doses on follicular wave emergence (FWE) and dominant follicle growth of suckled Nelore cows submitted to TAI (D0). On a random day of estrous cycle (D−10), multiparous (MULT; n=36) and primiparous (PRIM; n=20) suckled Nelore cows received an intravaginal progesterone (P4) device and were assigned in three groups. Cows in the EB-1 (n=20), EB-1.5 (n=15) or EB-2 (n=21) groups received, respectively, an im treatment with 1, 1.5 or 2 mg EB. A subgroup (n=10-13 cows/group) were subject to daily ovarian evaluations from D−10 to D0. On D−2, P4 devices were removed, and all cows received the same treatment: 1 mg estradiol cypionate, 0.53 mg sodium cloprostenol, and 300 IU eCG. Statistical analyses were performed considering only the main effects of treatment group and parity order. The proportion of cows with a synchronized FWE and the moment of the FWE did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatment groups (overall: 80% [28/35] and 4.1 ± 0.4 days); however, the FWE occurred earlier (p=0.007) in MULT (3.8 ± 0.2 days) than PRIM (5.1 ± 0.4) cows. The proportion of animals detected in estrus was greater (86% [31/36] vs. 70% [14/20]; p=0.02) and the dominant follicle was larger on D−2 (9.7 ± 0.3 mm vs. 7.8 ± 0.7 mm; p=0.006) and D0 (11.9 ± 0.4 mm vs. 10 ± 0.5 mm; p=0.008) in MULT than PRIM cows. In conclusion, the three EB doses presented similar efficiency to synchronize the FWE in suckled Nelore cows. Moreover, a delayed FWE and smaller dominant follicle is observed in PRIM cows, contributing to the reduced reproductive performance in this parity category when using similar TAI protocols of MULT cows.

Partindo do enunciado lançado pela lógica duchampiana, analisam-se diferentes estratégias de construção de identidades de género e de corpo, convocando os dispositivos de subjectividade e alteridade de um conjunto de quatro artistas - Andy Warhol, Cindy Sherman, Yasumasa Morimura e Madonna, problematizando sobre o modus operandi que parte das suas obras e discursos de auto-representação/ auto-referencialidade materializam. Sob esta perspectiva, corporalizam-se projectos estéticos, éticos e políticos de subversão, ruptura, transformação, resistência e alternativa aos regimes hegemónicos que encerram o binómio corpo-género numa lógica mono-discursiva. Contra este monopólio heterocêntrico, estes corpos constroem-se ao espelho reflectindo uma colecção de outros corpos e paisagem de si mesmos.

Starting from the statement launched by Duchampian logic, different strategies for the construction of gender and body identities are analyzed, calling on the devices of subjectivity and otherness of a group of four artists - Andy Warhol, Cindy Sherman, Yasumasa Morimura and Madonna, discussing the modus operandi that part of their works and discourses of self-representation / self-referentiality embody. From this perspective, aesthetic, ethical and political projects of subversion, rupture, transformation, resistance and alternative to the hegemonic regimes that enclose the body-gender binomial in a mono-discursive logic are embodied. Against this heterocentric monopoly, these bodies are constructed in the mirror reflecting a collection of other bodies and landscape of themselves.

RESUMO Objetivos analisar os resultados dos ensaios biomecânicos da fixação da fratura de colo de fêmur Pauwels tipo II em ossos sintéticos, utilizando dois parafusos paralelos ou três parafusos em formação de triângulo invertido. Métodos Foram utilizados 10 ossos sintéticos, de uma marca nacional, divididos em dois grupos. Nos grupos A e B foram realizados, respectivamente, fixação com três e com dois parafusos canulados, após osteotomia perpendicular ao colo femoral no seu terço médio, simulando uma fratura do colo femoral Pauwels tipo II. Analisou-se a resistência destas fixações a uma compressão no eixo da força resultante de compressão do quadril, através de uma prensa hidráulica manual. O teste t e a análise “post hoc” foram utilizadas para comparação dos grupos e o critério de determinação de significância adotado foi p < 0,05. Resultados No grupo A, submetido à fixação com três parafusos, observou-se a falha da síntese com uma média de 526 N. Já no grupo B, com dois parafusos, a média foi de 466 N. Os resultados encontrados apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa, com p = 0,02. Conclusão A osteossíntese das fraturas do colo femoral de osso sintético com dois parafusos apresentou resultados inferiores à utilização de três parafusos. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo caso-controle.

ABSTRACT Objectives To analyze the results of biomechanical assays of the fixation of Pauwels type II femoral neck fractures in synthetic bones, using two parallel cannulated screws or three cannulated screws in an inverted pyramid formation. Methods Ten Brazilian-made synthetic bones were divided into 2 groups. Groups A and B utilized three and two cannulated screws, respectively, after osteotomy in the middle third of the femur, perpendicular to the axis of the femoral neck, simulating a Pauwels type II femoral neck fracture. The resistance of these fixations was analyzed by compression on the axis of the force resulting from hip compression, simulated with a manual hydraulic press. The T-test and post hoc analysis were used to compare the groups, and the significance criterion adopted was p < 0.05. Results In group A, which used fixation with three screws, synthesis failure was seen at a mean force of 526 N. In group B, which used two screws, the mean force was 466 N. The results presented a statistically significant difference (p = 0.02). Conclusion The osteosynthesis of femoral neck fractures in synthetic bone fixated with two screws presented inferior results to fixation with three screws. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.

ABSTRACT Meclofenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has shown therapeutic potential for different types of cancers, including androgen-independent prostate neoplasms. The antitumor effect of diverse nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been shown to be accompanied by histological and molecular changes that are responsible for this beneficial effect. The objective of the present work was to analyze the histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Tumors were created in a nude mouse model using PC3 cancerous human cells. Meclofenamic acid (10 mg/kg/day; experimental group, n=5) or saline solution (control group, n=5) was administered intraperitoneally for twenty days. Histological analysis was then carried out on the tumors, describing changes in the cellular architecture, fibrosis, and quantification of cellular proliferation and tumor vasculature. Meclofenamic acid causes histological changes that indicate less tumor aggression (less hypercellularity, fewer atypical mitoses, and fewer nuclear polymorphisms), an increase in fibrosis, and reduced cellular proliferation and tumor vascularity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the molecular changes that cause the beneficial and therapeutic effects of meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Chemerin, encoded by the retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (RARRES2) gene is an adipocytesecreted protein with autocrine/paracrine functions in adipose tissue, metabolism and inflammation with a recently described function in vascular tone regulation, liver, steatosis, etc. This molecule is believed to represent a critical endocrine signal linking obesity to diabetes. There are no data available regarding evolution of RARRES2 in non-human primates and great apes. Expression profile and orthology in RARRES2 genes are unknown aspects in the biology of this multigene family in primates. Thus; we attempt to describe expression profile and phylogenetic relationship as complementary knowledge in the function of this gene in primates. To do that, we performed A RT-PCR from different tissues obtained during necropsies. Also we tested the hypotheses of positive evolution, purifying selection, and neutrality. And finally a phylogenetic analysis was made between primates RARRES2 protein. RESULTS: RARRES2 transcripts were present in liver, lung, adipose tissue, ovary, pancreas, heart, hypothalamus and pituitary tissues. Expression in kidney and leukocytes were not detectable in either species. It was determined that the studied genes are orthologous. CONCLUSIONS: RARRES2 evolution fits the hypothesis of purifying selection. Expression profiles of the RARRES2 gene are similar in baboons and chimpanzees and are also phylogenetically related.

Objetivos: Describir la población de pacientes referidos por dolor torácico. Identificar pacientes con patologías cardíacas como causa de dolor torácico. Describir los diferentes hallazgos según los métodos diagnósticos utilizados. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y analítico de 70 pacientes referidos por dolor torácico a la consulta de Cardiología del Hospital Nacional de Niños, con edades comprendidas entre los 3 y 13 años de edad durante un período de un año. A todos los pacientes se le realizó historia clínica, examen físico, radiografía de tórax, electrocardiograma y ecocardiograma. Además Holter y prueba de esfuerzo cuando había sospecha de arritmias o dolor al ejercicio. Resultados: Un total de 62 pacientes concluyeron el estudio, 34 fueron niños (54.8%), y 28 niñas (45.2%). La edad promedio fue de 8.5 años con una mediana de 9 años. La radiografía simple de tórax fue anormal en 21% de casos (6 bronconeumonías, 2 atrape aéreo, 2 abombamiento de la pulmonar, 1 hilios prominentes y en 2 cardiomegalia). El electrocadiograma fue normal en 97%. El ecocardiograma anormal en un 4 % (1 comunicación interauricular, 1 persistencia del conducto arterioso y displasia válvula pulmonar, 1 derrame pericárdico). Los estudios de Holter y Pruebas de esfuerzo fueron normales. Encontramos solo un 4,8% de los pacientes con cardiopatías. Conclusión: La consulta por dolor torácico en la edad pediátrica es frecuente. La historia clínica y el examen físico son determinantes en el diagnóstico y manejo de estos niños. El dolor torácico raramente se asocia a cardiopatías en la edad pediátrica y los pacientes con cardiopatías relacionadas al dolor presentaron signos clínicos anormales como bradicardia, frote pericárdico y soplo patológico.

Objectives: to describe the population of patients referred with chest pain. To identify the patients with chest pain caused by cardiac diseases. To describe the findings according with the utilized diagnostic methods. Materials and methods: This is a prospective, descriptive and analytic study of 70 patients (3 to 13 years) referred to the Cardiology Clinic of the Hospital Nacional de Niños, during a one year period. Every patient had a clinical history, a physical exam, a chest x-ray and ECG and an echocardiogram taken. Results: Only 62 patients completed all their evaluating tests, 3 4 (54.5%) boys and 28 (45.2%) girls. The mean age was 8.5 years and the median was 9 years. In 21% of the cases the chest x-ray was abnormal (6 showed bronchopneumonia, 2 air trapping, 2 pulmonary artery enlargement, 2 prominent hila and 2 cardiomegaly). The ECG was normal in 97%, the Echocardiogram was abnormal in 4 (1 showed and ASD, 1 a patent ductus arteriosus, 1 a dysplastic pulmonic valve and 1 a pericardial effusion). Stress tests and Holters were normal. Only 4.8% of the patients had heart disease. Conclusion: Consultation for chest pain in the pediatric age is frequent. History and physical examination are very important for the diagnosis and handling of these children. Chest pain though is infrequently associated with cardiac anomalies during childhood years and the patients with heart conditions and chest pain had other findings such as bradychardia, pericardial rub and murmurs.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficácia do tratamento Ovsynch associado à inseminação artificial em tempo prefixado em vacas Bos taurus e Bos indicus. Foram utilizados rebanhos das raças Holandesa, Caracu, Nelore e Mantiqueira. Também foi incluído um rebanho de vacas Gir, com problemas de fertilidade. Cada rebanho foi dividido em três grupos. O grupo 1 recebeu o tratamento Ovsynch e foi inseminado em tempo prefixado. O grupo 2 foi inseminado no cio induzido com cloprostenol. O grupo 3 foi inseminado no cio natural. As taxas de concepção e de prenhez foram determinadas por ultra-sonografia. Não existiu interação significativa das variáveis reprodutivas analisadas para rebanho, idade, período pós-parto, número de parição e presença do bezerro. A taxa de concepção não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os grupos, ao passo que a taxa de prenhez foi superior (P<0,05) nos grupos 1 e 2 em comparação ao grupo 3. No rebanho Gir, o tratamento Ovsynch não alterou a taxa de concepção nem a de prenhez. Independentemente da raça, os tratamentos Ovsynch e cloprostenol não afetam a taxa de concepção, mas melhoram a taxa de prenhez. O tratamento Ovsynch não aumenta a fertilidade de vacas com problemas reprodutivos inespecíficos.

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Ovsynch treatment associated with prefixed-time artificial insemination on Bos taurus and Bos indicus cows. Herds of Holstein, Caracu, Nelore and Mantiqueira breeds were used. A herd of Gir cows with poor reproductive performance was also included. Each breed was divided in tree groups. Group 1 received Ovsynch treatment and was inseminated at prefixed time. Group 2 was induced to estrus with cloprostenol and inseminated thereafter. Group 3 was inseminated at natural heat. Conception and pregnancy rates were determined by ultra-sound. No significant interactions were detected among breeds, age, parity, postpartum period and lactating cows with or without their calves. Conception rates did not differ (P>0.05) among groups while pregnancy rate was higher (P<0.05) for group 1 and 2 comparing to group 3. In the Gir herd Ovsynch treatment did not enhance conception nor pregnancy rates. Independently of breed, conception rate is similar after Ovsynch, cloprostenol and control treatments, and pregnancy rate can be improved with Ovsynch and cloprostenol treatments. In cows with unspecific reproductive ovarian disorders, Ovsynch treatment do not enhance conception or pregnancy rates.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da utilização de diferentes fontes de gonadotrofinas para maturação in vitro dos oócitos bovinos fecundados e desenvolvidos in vitro sobre as taxas de clivagem (TC) e de blastocistos (TBL). Oócitos imaturos provenientes de ovários de vacas de abatedouro foram submetidos a maturação in vitro sob diferentes condições: meio TCM 199, acrescido de 10% de soro de vaca em estro (SVE), aditivos, hepes, NaHCO3, piruvato de sódio, antibióticos (meio B-199), 20 UI/mL de PMSG e 10 UI/mL de hCG (PMSG/hCG) ou meio B-199, acrescido de 5 mg/mL de FSH e 5 mg/mL de LH (FSH/LH). Seguidos 24 h de cultura a 38,5ºC em atmosfera com 5% de CO2, os oócitos maturos foram incubados com sêmen descongelado durante 18 a 21 horas. Após esse período, os oócitos foram transferidos para placas contendo microgotas de meio Ménezo suplementado com 10% de SVE e células epiteliais do oviduto bovino em suspensão, cobertas com óleo de silicone, os quais permaneceram em cultura por mais 9 dias. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do Qui-quadrado. A TC e a TBL, para PMSG/hCG e FSH/LH, foram 60 e 13,9% e 61,2 e 10,6%, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos com relação a TC ou a TBL. Esses resultados sugerem que ambas as fontes de gonadotrofinas podem ser utilizadas para maturação in vitro dos oócitos fecundados e desenvolvidos in vitro.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different gonadotropin sources for in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes fertilized and developed in vitro on cleavage (CR) and blastocysts rates (BLR). The immature oocytes from slaughterhouse cows ovaries were matured in vitro under different conditions: TCM 199 medium with 10% eostrous cow serum (ECS), aditives, hepes, NaHCO3, sodium pyruvate, antibiotics (B-199 medium), 20 UI/mL PMSG and 10 UI/ml hCG (PMSG/hCG) or B-199 medium with 5 mg/mL FSH and 5 mg/mL LH (FSH/LH). After 24 hours of culture at 38.5°C with 5% CO2 in air the mature oocytes were incubated with frozen-thawed semen for 18-21 hours. After this, the oocytes were transferred into microdroplets of Ménezo medium with 10% ECS and bovine oviduct ephitelial cells (BOEC) in suspension and were further cultured for 9 days. The data were analyzed by chi-square test. The CR and BLR for PMSG/hCG and FSH/LH were 60 and 13.9% and 61.2 and 10.6%, respectively. There was no difference between treatments regarding to CR and BLR. The results indicate that both gonadotropin sources can be used for in maturation medium of oocyte fertilized and developed in vitro.

Dez vacas multíparas, secas, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de cinco animais cada. Nos dias 8 a 12 do diestro, o primeiro grupo recebeu 100 ml de anti-soro contra líquido folicular livre de esteróides (anti-LFb) produzido em ovelhas ovariectomizadas. O segundo grupo (controle) recebeu 100 ml de soro de ovelhas não-imunizadas. Seis horas após a aplicação, os dois grupos foram superovulados com FSH (18 NIH-FSH-S1 unidades) e LH (0,29 NIH-LH-S1 unidades) administrados em quantidades decrescentes durante quatro dias. Na manhã do terceiro dia, foi administrada uma dose luteolítica de cloprostenol. Duas inseminações foram realizadas 48 e 60 horas após. Os embriões foram recuperados pelo método cervical 7 dias após a primeira inseminação. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas durante todo o período experimental para determinar, por radioimunoensaio, as concentrações plasmáticas de FSH, LH e progesterona. Todas as vacas do grupo imunizado e 3 do grupo controle apresentaram mais de 2 CL. Não existiu diferença significativa (P>0,05) na taxa de ovulação entre os grupos imunizado e controle (14,4 e 9,9, respectivamente). O número de embriões recuperado não foi significativamente diferente (P>0,05) entre os grupos, embora o grupo imunizado tenha apresentado maior número de embriões transferíveis (3,4 ± 1,0 versus 0,8 ± 0,4, P<0,05). As concentrações de gonadotrofinas plasmáticas não foram correlacionadas com a taxa de ovulação ou com o número de embriões recuperados. As concentrações de progesterona plasmática foram positivamente correlacionadas (r = 0,88, P<0,01) com a taxa de ovulação. Os resultados sugerem que o anti-LFb, aplicado antes da superovulação, não reduz a variabilidade da resposta ovariana.

Ten multiparous non-lactating cows were randomly assigned to one of two groups. On days 8 to 12 after estrus, the first group was given 100 ml antiserum against steroid-free bovine follicular fluid (anti-bFF), which was produced in ovariectomized sheep. The second group (control) was given 100 ml nonimmune ovariectomized sheep serum. Six hours after injection, both groups were superovulated with FSH (18 NIH-FSH-S1 units) and LH (0.29 NIH-LH-S1 units) in a 4-day decreasing regime. On the morning of the third day a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2alpha analogue (cloprostenol) was given. Artificial inseminations (AI) were done 48 and 60 h later. Embryos were collected 7 days after AI by a nonsurgical method. Blood samples were taken throughout the experimental period and plasma concentrations of FSH, LH and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. All cows from the immunized group, and 3 out of 5 cows in the control group, had more than 2 CL. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the ovulation rate between immunized and control groups (14.4 and 9.9, respectively). The number of recovered embryos was not significantly different (P>0.05) between groups, although cows immunized against bFF had a greater number of transferable embryos (3.4 ± 1.0 versus 0.8 ± 0.4, P<0.05). Plasma gonadotrophin concentrations were not correlated with either ovulation rate or number of recovered embryos. Plasma progesterone concentration was positively correlated (r = 0.88, P<0.01) to ovulation rate. Results suggested that passive immunization of cows with anti-bFF before superovulation did not reduce the variability of ovarian response.

O presente trabalho objetivou determinar o efeito do líquido folicular bovino tratado com carvão ativado (LFb) na secreção do hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) de novilhas pré-púberes ovariectomizadas ou intatas. A aplicação de LFb (quatro injeções de 10 ml com intervalo de 8 horas) provocou uma queda de aproximadamente 44% na concentração plasmática de FSH nas novilhas ovariectomizadas, mas não teve efeito nas novilhas intatas. Não foi observada hipersecreção de FSH após o término da aplicação do LFb. Esses resultados sugerem que proteínas presentes no LFb atuam ao nível hipofisiário para inibir a secreção de FSH e, diferentemente das intatas, as novilhas ovariectomizadas constituem um modelo adequado para evidenciar esse efeito, particularmente quando o LFb possui reduzida atividade supressora do FSH.

The aim of the experiment was to determine whether charcoal-treated bovine follicular fluid (bFF) removed from visible (< 22 mm) follicles altered the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in intact and ovariectomized prepubertal heifers. After a 10-ml injection of bFF given at three consecutive 8-h intervals, secretion of FSH was depressed in approximately 44% of the ovariectomized heifers but there was no effect in intact heifers. When the bFF treatment ceased, there were no rebound effects on FSH concentrations above that of controls pretreatment levels. These results suggest that proteins from bFF act at the pituitary level to inhibit FSH secretion and, differently of the intact, the ovariectomized heifer is an adequate model to put this effect in evidence, particularly when the bFF have low FSH suppressing activity.

Com o objetivo de determinar as épocas de iniciação e emergência da inflorescência da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.), correlacionando-as aos fatores climáticos, coletaram-se amostras dos cultivares NA 56-79, SP 70-1143 e IAC 52-150, em experimentos na região de Piracicaba, SP. De cada cultivar, colheram-se, semanalmente, dez palmitos dos colmos mais vigorosos, de 20 de fevereiro a 3 de julho de 1984. Analisaram-se a diferenciação e o desenvolvimento floral através de cortes histológicos da região apical e de medidas do comprimento da inflorescência. Coletaram-se os dados climáticos, durante o período de indução (25 de fevereiro-20 de março) no posto meteorológico da Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico, em Piracicaba. A ocorrência de temperaturas elevadas (Tmáx> 31° C), a baixa precipitação (47,3mm) e a alta freqüência de dias (76%) com diferença entre temperaturas máximas e mínimas acima de 13°C no período indutivo, afetaram a diferenciação floral. Os cultivares NA 56-79 e SP 70-1143 não floresceram e o 'IAC 52-150' apresentou uma redução de cerca de 50% no florescimento. O primeiro estádio reconhecível da iniciação floral foi detectado em 6 de abril, quando o domo apical media 0,011 cm, só ocorrendo a emergência da panícula na primeira semana de julho.

In order to determine the date of initiation and emergence of sugarcane inflorescences, samples from cultivars NA 56-79, SP 70-1143 and IAC 52-150 were collected from field trials conducted in Piracicaba region. Shoot apices from 10 vigorous stalks, from each cultivars, were collected once each week from February 20th to July 3rd, 1984. Floral differentiation and development were analyzed by microscopic examination of median longitudinal sections of shoot apices, as well as measurements of length of inflorescences. During the critical period of induction - from February 25th to March 20th - all climatic data were collected at the Piracicaba Experimental Station of the Instituto Agronômico in the same climatological area. Temperatures higher than 31°C, low rainfall, 47,3mm, and the high percentage (76%) of days with more than 13°C difference between maximum and minimum temperatures during the critical period of induction, affected the floral differentiation. The cultivars NA 56-59 and SP 70-1143 did not flower while the cultivars IAC 52-50 flowered only 50%. The earlier recognizable inflorescence primordia was detected on April 6th, when the dometype structure measured 0.011cm, and the emergence panicle occurred during the first week of July.