The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of meat from lambs fed diets containing 0%, 12.5% and 25.0% (dry matter (DM)) mulberry hay as a substitute for the concentrate. Twenty-four feedlot Île-de-France lambs with an average age of 60 days and bodyweight (BW) of 15 kg were fed in individual stalls and slaughtered at 32 kg BW, at approximately 130 days old. The chemical composition of the experimental diets contained, respectively, 584.4, 569.4 and 571.8 g DM/kg; 188.8, 185.1 and 184 g crude protein (CP)/kg and 29.9, 29.5 and 25.5 Mcal/kg DM for the mulberry hay inclusion levels of 0%, 12.5% and 25.0%, with a dietary forage to concentrate ratio of 50 : 50. The chemical composition of the meat was 757.9 g moisture/kg DM, 208.6 g CP/kg DM, 22.9 g crude fat/kg DM and 10.5 g ash/kg DM. Cholesterol concentration (36.07 mg/100 g) in the meat was not influenced by mulberry hay inclusion of the diet. An increase was observed in the concentrations of saturated pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic and arachidic acids; monounaturated heptadecenoic acid; and polyunsaturated α-linolenic, γ-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Nervonic and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations responded quadratically, representing 3.7 g/kg and 5.9 g/kg of the meat when mulberry hay was included at 16.98% and 12.56%. Omega-3 acid concentrations increased, while the omega-3 : omega-6 ratio decreased in the meat of mulberry hay-fed animals. Inclusion of mulberry hay in lamb diets increases the amount of desirable fatty acids in their meat, whose nutritional characteristics are improved.

RESUMO Rentabilidade da produção de ovinos depende da resposta reprodutiva de ovelhas e do crescimento de seus cordeiros, o que pode ser melhorado por meio do genótipo masculino. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de ovinos Blackbelly (Bb), Pelibuey (Pb), Katadin (Kat) e Dorper (Dor) e o crescimento de cordeiros com carneiros Damara (Dam) e Dor. Para medir a porcentagem de partos simples e múltiplas (MLP), foram utilizados 234 ovelhas Bb, PB, Kat e Dor. Para medir o crescimento dos cordeiros, foram utilizadas 86 ovelhas Bb x Pb (BbPb) e 73 Kat x Dor (KatDOR). Quatro cordeiros Dor x BbPb, seis Dam x BbPb e seis Dam x KatDor foram sacrificados para avaliação de carcaça. MLP foi analisada com o procedimento CATMOD, considerando-se fatores como idade e raça. Dados de crescimento do cordeiro foram analisados com o procedimento MIXED, e as de características de carcaça com o procedimento GLM do SAS, utilizando-se peso ao sacrifício como covariável. MLP foi maior (P<0.05) em Bb do que em Dor. Os cordeiros Dor x BbPb foram mais pesados (P<0.05) no nascimento do que Dam x BbPb. Em partos simples e múltiplos, os cordeiros de ovelhas KatDor foram mais pesados (P<0.05) no momento do nascimento de cordeiros BbPb. As cordeiras de carneiros Dor apresentaram maior (P<0.05) ganho de peso após o desmame do que as de carneiros Dam. O rendimento de carcaça, a espessura da gordura subcutânea e o rendimento de corte primal não foram diferentes por efeito da raça de carneiro. Conclui-se que as ovelhas Bb são mais prolíficas do que as ovelhas Dor; cordeiros de carneiros Damara tiveram resposta de crescimento pós-desmame e rendimento de carcaça semelhantes aos dos carneiros Dor, embora Dorper cordeiras fossem mais pesadas do que as de Damara.

ABSTRACT Profitability of sheep production depends on the reproductive response of ewes and growth of their lambs, which can be improved through the ram genotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive response of Blackbelly (Bb), Pelibuey (Pb), Katahdin (Kat) and Dorper (Dor) ewes crossed with Damara (Dam) and Dor rams and the growth of their offspring. To measure percentage of single and multiple lambings (MLP), 234 Bb, Pb, Kat and Dor ewes were used. To measure lamb growth, the offspring of 86 Bb x Pb (BbPb) ewes and 73 Kat x Dor (KatDOR) ewes were used. Four Dor x BbPb, six Dam x BbPb and six Dam x KatDor lambs were slaughtered for carcass assessment. MLP was analyzed with the CATMOD procedure considering the factors age and breed. Lamb growth data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure, and those of carcass characteristics with the GLM procedure of SAS, using weight at slaughter as covariable. MLP was higher (P<0.05) in Bb than in Dor. The Dor x BbPb lambs were heavier (P<0.05) at birth than Dam x BbPb. Of the lambs from single and multiple births, the KatDor lambs were heavier (P<0.05) at birth than BbPb lambs. The female lambs of Dor rams had higher (P<0.05) weight gain after weaning than those of Dam rams. Carcass dressing, subcutaneous fat, and primal cut yield were not different (P>0.05) by effect of ram breed. It is concluded that Bb ewes are more prolific than Dor ewes; male lambs of Dam rams had post-weaning growth response and carcass yield similar to those of Dor rams, although the female lambs of Dor rams were heavier than those of Dam rams.

The Lusitano horse breeders association in Mexico proposed the development of genetic evaluation for morphological traits (VM: head-neck (CC), withers (CR), chest (PC), back and loin (DR) and croup (GR)) considered in the selection criteria; however, in earlier studies found high levels of inbreeding (F; 6,6 % average), with constant trend. The objectives were to analyze the effects of F through three indicators (IDF: F of animal (IF); average correlation coefficient (CRP); and, change rate of F (ΔF)) on the average performance, the estimate of heritability (h²) and genetic correlation (r g) for the VM. Including alternately the IDF as covariate of first order were performed four univariate analysis (UNV) for each VM, and four multivariate analyses with the five VM. The covariate solutions of IDF were equal to zero (p>0,05). The h² with the UNV ranged from 0,08 (DR) to 0,30 (CC), the general average was 0,18. The maximum change with IDF was 0,01. In the MUV, the h² ranged from 0,11 to 0,35, the general average was 0,198; in the rg, the average without IDF was 0,53, in the interval of 0,01 to 0,97; with IDF the average was 0,59, with estimates above 0,20. The h² of UNV vs. MUV without IDF were similar. For PC and GR the h² decreased 0,03 of UNV to MUV with IDF; to contrast of CC, CR y DR with increments of 0,06. Inside MUV, for CC, CR and DR the h² increased with IDF, with more effect CRP; however, in PC and GR decreased, with more effect of F.

Los Criadores del Caballo Lusitano en México plantearon el desarrollo de evaluaciones genéticas para las variables de morfología (VM: cabeza-cuello (CC), cruz (CR), pecho (PC), dorso (DR) y grupa (GR)) consideradas en los criterios de selección; empero, en estudios previos detectaron altos niveles de consanguinidad (F; 6,6 % promedio), con un comportamiento constante. Los objetivos fueron analizar los efectos de F a través de tres indicadores (IDF: F del individuo (IF); coeficiente de relación promedio (CRP); y, tasa de cambio de F (ΔF)), sobre el rendimiento promedio, la estimación de heredabilidades (h²) y correlaciones genéticas (r g) para las VM. Incluyendo alternadamente los IDF como covariable de primer orden se realizaron cuatro análisis univariados (UNV) para cada VM, y cuatro análisis multivariados (MUV) con las cinco VM. Las soluciones de las covariables de IDF fueron estadísticamente igual a cero (p>0,05). Las h² dentro UNV fluctuaron de 0,08 (DR) a 0,30 (CC), con un promedio general de 0,18; los máximos cambios al incluir IDF fueron 0,01. En los MUV, las h² fluctuaron de 0,11 a 0,35, con un promedio general de 0,198; con las r g, sin incluir IDF el promedio fue de 0,53 en un intervalo de 0,01 a 0,97; y donde si se incluyó IDF el promedio fue 0,59, con estimaciones superiores a 0,20. Las h² de UNV vs MUV sin incluir IDF fueron similares. Para PC y GR las h² disminuyeron en 0,03 de UNV a MUV incluyendo IDF; a diferencia de CC, CR y DR con incrementos de 0,06. Dentro de MUV, para CC, CR y DR las h² se incrementaron al incluir idf, con mayor efecto CRP; sin embargo, en PC y GR disminuyeron con mayor efecto de F.

Carnes de 48 cordeiros Ile de France criados nos modelos orgânico e convencional, provenientes da dissecação da paleta foram submetidas à elaboração de hambúrguer, com fonte de gordura adicionada, nas proporções de 20 e 30%. Os modelos de produção (P<0,01) e o teor de gordura (P<0,01) influenciaram o pH dos hambúrgueres, entretanto apenas os modelos de produção afetaram a luminosidade (P<0,05) e o teor de vermelho (P<0,01), mas não influenciaram a capacidade de retenção de água, a perda de peso ao cozimento e o número de ácido 2-tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) dos hambúrgueres, com valores de 62,8%, 24,6% e 1,81mg malonaldeído/kg de amostra, respectivamente. No hambúrguer orgânico, houve menor força de cisalhamento (0,68kgf/cm²) em relação ao convencional (0,97kgf/cm²). Os teores de gordura afetaram a capacidade de retenção de água (P<0,05). Para perda de peso ao cozimento, força de cisalhamento e número de TBARS, os valores foram de 24,65%, 0,82kgf/cm² e 1,81mg malonaldeído/kg de amostra, respectivamente. Os modelos de produção e os teores de gordura não influenciaram a cor, o sabor, a maciez e a aceitação global dos hambúrgueres. Os modelos de produção e os teores de gordura não influenciaram a atividade de água na temperatura de 20,55ºC, no entanto, em temperaturas mais baixas, os hambúrgueres orgânicos tiveram maior atividade de água em relação aos convencionais.

The dissection of the pallete of 48 Ile de France lambs submitted to the organic and conventional production models was used for hamburger elaboration, with 20 and 30% fat. The production models (P<0,01) and the fat tenor (P<0,01) influenced the hamburgers' pH, the production models affected only the lightness (P<0,05) and the redness (P<0,01), and didn't influence, however, water holding capacity, cooking loss and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of hamburgers, with 62,8%, 24,6% and 1,81mg of malonaldehyde/1000g meat, respectively. In organic hamburgers, smaller shear force (0,68kgf/cm²) was observed in relation to conventional (0,97kgf/cm²). The fat tenors affected water holding capacity (P<0,05), however, they didn't influence cooking loss, shear force and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The production models and fat tenors didn't influence color, flavor, tenderness and global acceptance of the hamburgers. The production models and fat tenors didn't influence water activity of 20,55ºC, however, in lower temperatures, organic hamburgers had higher water activity in relation to conventional hamburgers.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a interação física entre misturas em tanque de diferentes classes de defensivos agrícolas. O experimento foi conduzido no laboratório de Química da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, no período de junho a agosto de 2010. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas misturas de seis herbicidas (glyphosate SC, glyphosate WG, lactofen CE, fomesafen SC, haloxifop-R CE e fluazifop-pbutil EW) com seis inseticidas (methomyl CS, clorpirifós CE, teflubenzuron SC, triflumuron SC, cipermetrina CE e tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina SC) na ausência e presença de dois redutores de pH (ácido pirolenhoso e ácido bórico), com quatro repetições. Utilizou-se escala de 1 a 5, visando avaliar o grau de incompatibilidade, em que 1 é a separação imediata da mistura e recomenda-se não aplicar e 5 é a homogeneidade das misturas. As maiores incompatibilidades físicas nas misturas de herbicidas e inseticidas foram observadas na presença dos herbicidas glyphosate na formulação WG e lactofen CE. O ácido pirolenhoso e o ácido bórico demonstraram ser boas alternativas, como redutores de pH, no preparo de calda de pulverização com misturas de herbicidas e inseticidas. Devem-se evitar misturas em tanque de glyphosate na formulação SC + clorpirifós CE e lactofen CE + clorpirifós CE.

The objective ofthis study was to evaluate the physical interaction between simulated tank mixtures of different classes of pesticides. The experiment was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory of the University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, from June to August 2010. The treatments consisted of mixtures of six herbicides (glyphosate SC, glyphosate WG, lactofen CE, fomesafen SC, haloxifop-R CE, and fluazifop-p-butyl EW) with six types of insecticide (methomyl CS, clorpirifos CE, teflubenzuron SC, triflumuron SC, cipermetrin CE, and tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrin SC) in the absence and presence oftwo pH reducers (pyroligneous acid and boric acid) with four replications. A scale from 1 to 5 was used to evaluate the degree of mismatch, where 1 is immediate separation of the mixture (which is recommended not to apply), and 5 is homogeneity of the mixtures. The major physical incompatibilities in the herbicide and insecticide mixtures were observed in the presence of glyphosate WG and lactofen SC. Pyroligneous acid and boric acid showed to be good alternatives as pH reducers in the preparation of sprays using the herbicide and insecticide mixtures. Tank mixtures of glyphosate formulation SC, clorpirifos CE, and lactofen CE + clorpirifos CE must be avoided.

A cultura da cebola vem se mostrando altamente suscetível ao ataque de Phytophthora nicotianae, com danos econômicos e alto custo de produção pelo uso excessivo de produtos químicos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a dependência espacial do patógeno por meio da Geoestatística e em seguida, testar a resistência de cultivares de cebola sob sistema convencional de cultivo ao fungo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no campus da FCAV-UNESP. Para detectar a presença do fungo nas amostras de solo, foram coletadas e processadas em laboratório onde, discos de folhas de limão Siciliano (Citrus limonum) foram utilizados como "iscas" na suspensão do solo para contagem desses discos infectados. Logo após, na mesma unidade experimental, avaliou-se treze cultivares (Dom Victor, BZ 21; Princesa, Taiko, Óptima, BZ 50, Mercedes, Sunset, Duquesa, Gobi, Sirius, Colina e Superex) de cebola, num experimento com delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram feitas avaliações semanais, do transplantio até a colheita. Pelo modelo de semivariograma isotrópico esférico ajustado aos dados, os resultados demonstraram não haver dependência espacial, revelando que a área apresentava uma distribuição agregada do patógeno. Com o mapeamento pelo método de Krigagem ordinário em blocos, verificou-se maior incidência do fungo, entre os três primeiros canteiros localizados na baixadas, com uma redução gradual para o restante que apresentou menor declividade na área. Dentre as cultivares avaliadas quanto à resistência ao fungo - Mercedes, Princesa e Duquesa são altamente suscetíveis, e as demais, demonstraram baixa suscetibilidade ao patógeno nessa primeira avaliação de campo.

Onion culture has demonstrated to be highly susceptible to Phytophthora nicotianae with economic damages and high crop costs due to the excessive use of chemical products. The present work has as objective to evaluate the spatial dependence of pathogen by Geostatistic and after that, to test the resistance of onion cultivars to this disease under conventional crop. The experiments were conducted at FCAV/UNESP. Soil samples were collected and processed at the laboratory in relation to pathogen, presence through the count of disks of Sicilian lemon infected of the solution of the soil. Immediately after that, at the same experimental unit, thirteen onion cultivars (Dom Victor, BZ 21; Princesa, Taiko, Óptima, BZ 50, Mercedes, Sunset, Duquesa, Gobi, Sirius, Colina e Superex) were analysed in a randomized blocks design with four repetitions. Weekly evaluations were effectuated, from transplanting to harvest. By spherical isotropic semivariogram model, results demonstrated no spatial dependence, revealing that the area presented uniform distribution of the pathogen. With the mapping incidence by Krigage method in blocks, it was verified higher incidence of fungi between the first three patches of lower place, being sequenced reduced with area declivity. No cultivar evaluated presented resistance to the pathogen. It's detached that - Mercedes, Princesa and Duquesa cultivars are highly susceptible, and the others demonstrated low susceptibility to the pathogen in that first field evaluation.

A cultura do sorgo está inserida no plano atual de manejo dos sistemas agrícolas nos cerrados, todavia são escassos os estudos em campo quanto à seletividade e comportamento da cultura ao herbicida 2,4-D. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos do 2,4-D sobre o crescimento das plantas, a produção de fitomassa seca e fitomassa verde e a produtividade de grãos na cultura do sorgo. O experimento foi realizado entre janeiro e maio de 2008, em Nova Xavantina-MT, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. O sorgo (cultivar Buster) foi semeado em área cultivada sob sistema de plantio direto, em espaçamento de 0,50 m entre linhas, distribuindo-se 10 sementes por metro. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, envolvendo quatro doses de 2,4-D (0, 335, 670 e 1.005 g ha-1) e quatro épocas de aplicação (pré-semeadura, três folhas expandidas, seis folhas expandidas e pré-florescimento). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O controle de plantas daninhas na cultura foi realizado manualmente, com utilização de enxada. Verificou-se efeito fitotóxico à cultura do sorgo pelo 2,4-D aos 15 dias após a aplicação (DAA), independentemente da dose ou época de aplicação. O incremento das doses de 2,4-D provocou redução linear da altura de plantas, acúmulo de fitomassa verde e acúmulo de fitomassa seca, tanto aos 30 DAA quanto no ponto de rolagem. A aplicação do 2,4-D prejudica a produtividade do sorgo, especialmente em doses acima de 1.005 g ha-1 e.a. e em aplicações tardias. De maneira geral, a utilização do 2,4-D em pré-semeadura mostrou-se uma boa alternativa no manejo das plantas daninhas na cultura do sorgo.

Sorghum is part of the current plan of agricultural system management for the cer rado. However, few field studies have been carried out on this culture's behavior and selectivity towards herbicide 2,4 D. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2,4-D on plant growth, dry matter production and green biomass and grain yield in sorghum. The experiment was conducted between January and May 2008 in Nova Xavantina-MT in dystrophic Oxisol. Sorghum (cv. Buster) was sown in a cultivated area under no-tillage, with 0.50 m spacing between rows, and ten seeds distributed per meter. Treatments were arranged in a 4 x 4, involving four levels of 2,4-D (0, 335, 670, and 1.005 g ha -1 ) and four application times (pre-sowing, three fully-expanded leaves, six leaves, and pre-flowering).A randomized block design was used, with four replica tions. Weed control in the culture was performed manually, using a hoe. Toxic effects caused to sorghum by 2,4-D were observed at 15 days after application (DAA), regardless of dose or time of application. The increasing levels of 2,4-D caused a linear reduction in plant height, biomass and green dry matter accumulation, both at 30 DAA as the point of rollover. The application of 2,4-D affected sorghum yield, especially at doses above 1.005 g ha -1 and late applications. In general, the use of 2,4-D in pre-sowing proved to be a good alternative for the management of weeds in sorghum crop.

The objective was to analyze the pedigree of four Mexican ranches (Los Encinos=ENC, Montecristo=MCR, Fernando de la Mora=FMO, and San José=SJO) through estimates of base population, effective size, reference population, number of ancestors, percentage of contribution, and generation intervals. Also, the effect of inbreeding on the animals behavior (testing young animals and fighting on horseback or by bullfighter) was analyzed with an animal model that considered as fixed effects contemporary group (year-season of birth-sex, the sex effect only in testing young bulls) and the linear covariables of age and inbreeding of the animal. Random effects were the breeding value of the animal and the residual. The number of animals in the pedigree varied from 3246 to 8279 born between 1904 and 2006; the behavior records were from 1978 to 2006, ranging from 202 to 2776. Average inbreeding levels varied from 2.4 to 12.9%, with a maximum individual value of 47.7% in MCR and around 40% in the other ranches. The number of ancestors as a proportion of the reference population on MCR was 12.3%, while in FMO, ENC, and SJO represented 17.7%, 27.8% and 34.0%, respectively. Three ancestors explained 50% of the pedigree in MCR and 13 or less in the other ranches. The three ancestors in MCR explained 22.6% and 20.2% of the pedigree in SJO and ENC, respectively. The MCR, SJO, and ENC ranches had a common origin in their pedigrees. The annual inbreeding trends were negative in ENC and SJO (-0.13±0.02 and -0.25±0.02, respectively; p<0.01); while the trends in the proportion of inbred animals were positive in FMO and MCR (2.41±0.41 and 0.16±0.05, respectively; p<0.01). The ingreeding had a significant effect (p<0.05) on testing scores of young animal in ENC and SJO, and on bullfighthing scores in SJO. The score of testing young animals and bullfigthing increased as the level of inbreeding of the animal augmented. The size of the regression coefficient varied from 0.02 and 0.05 units of the trait per unit of percentage of inbreeding.

El objetivo fue analizar el pedigrí de cuatro ganaderías mexicanas (Los Encinos=ENC, Montecristo=MCR, Fernando de la Mora=FMO y San José=SJO) a través de estimaciones de parámetros poblacionales tales como el tamaño de población base, tamaño efectivo, número de ancestros, aportaciones porcentuales e intervalos generacionales. Además se analizó el efecto de la consanguinidad sobre el comportamiento de los animales (tienta y lidia al caballo y al torero) con un modelo animal que consideró como efectos fijos a grupo contemporáneo (año-época de nacimiento-sexo, el efecto de sexo sólo en tienta) y las covariables lineales de edad y consanguinidad del individuo; los efectos aleatorios fueron el valor genético del individuo y el error. Los pedigríes incluyeron de 3246 a 8279 animales nacidos entre 1904 y 2006; la información de comportamiento data de 1978 a 2006, variando de 202 a 2776 observaciones. Las consanguinidades promedio variaron entre 2,4% y 12,9%, con máximos individuales de 47,7% en MCR y de alrededor de 40% en las otras ganaderías. El número de ancestros como proporción de la población de referencia en MCR fue 12,3%, mientras que en FMO, ENC y SJO representaron 17,7%, 27,8% y 34,0%, respectivamente. Tres animales explicaron 50% del pedigrí en MCR y 13 o menos en las otras ganaderías. Los tres ancestros de MCR explicaron 22,6% y 20,2% del pedigrí de SJO y ENC, respectivamente. Las ganaderías MCR, SJO y ENC tienen un origen común. Las tendencias anuales de consanguinidad fueron negativas en ENC y SJO (-0,13±0,02 y -0,25±0,02, respectivamente; p<0,01); mientras que las tendencias de la proporción de animales consanguíneos fueron positivas en FMO y MCR (2,41±0,41 y 0,16±0,05, respectivamente; p<0,01). La consanguinidad se relacionó significativamente (p<0,05) sobre las notas de tienta en ENC y SJO, y lidia al torero en SJO. La calificación en las notas aumentó conforme los niveles de consanguinidad del animal fueron mayores. La magnitud de los coeficientes de regresión varió entre 0,02 y 0,05 unidades en las notas por unidad porcentual de la consanguinidad.