Resumo Este estudo teve dois objetivos: conhecer as percepções dos professores da DGETP-UTU sobre os efeitos da mobilidade geográfica em suas práticas profissionais e analisar os regulamentos, o funcionamento e a organização do sistema de "subsídio de ensino". O desenho metodológico foi misto (CUAL-quan), sequencial, com clara predominância qualitativa e contribuições quantitativas, e de escopo exploratório. Na primeira fase, foi realizada uma análise quantitativa descritiva com base em duas fontes de dados secundários: o Censo Nacional de Professores de 2007 (ANEP, 2008) e o Censo Nacional de Professores de 2018 (ANEP, 2020), em dois formatos: relatório e banco de dados. Na segunda fase da pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores de sala de aula do DGETP-UTU de instituições em Canelones, Florida e San José. Além disso, foi utilizada uma análise documental de 19 documentos de legislação nacional e resoluções da ANEP sobre a política e o financiamento do transporte de professores. Os resultados destacam que a política de bônus para profesores da ANEP data de 1971 e envolve um orçamento crescente. A “mobilidade geográfica dos professores” não é homogénea no país, pelo que 12 departamentos são emissores de professores, enquanto sete departamentos os recebem. Em relação às percepções dos professores, as evidências mostram que a "mobilidade geográfica de professores" tem um impacto negativo nas atividades de planejamento, coordenação e inserção na comunidade educacional. Para eles, algumas estratégias para mitigar o impacto seriam: a atribuição de trabalho com base em cargos de ensino por um período superior a um ano (3 anos) e o estabelecimento de critérios de "regionalização" no sistema de ordenação de professores e "escolha de horários".

Abstract This study serves two purposes: first, to know the perceptions of classroom teachers from the DGETP-UTU regarding the effects of geographic mobility on their professional practices, and second, to analyze the regulations, operation, and organization of the "teaching bonus" system. The methodological design adopts a mixed type (CUAL-quan), following a sequential design, with a predominant qualitative emphasis, supplemented by quantitative contributions and having an exploratory scope. In the first phase, a descriptive quantitative analysis was conducted based on two secondary data sources: the 2007 National Teacher Census (ANEP, 2008) and the 2018 National Teacher Census (ANEP, 2020), presented in both report and database formats. In the second phase of qualitative deepening, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with DGETP-UTU classroom teachers from Canelones, Florida, and San José institutions. Additionally, a documentary analysis was performed on nineteen documents comprising national legislation and ANEP resolutions related to the policy and financing of teacher transportation. The findings show that ANEP's "teaching allowance" policy dates back to 1971 and involves a growing budget. However, the "geographical mobility of teachers" is not homogeneous across the country, with twelve departments sending teachers and seven receiving them. Regarding teachers' perceptions, the evidence shows that "geographical teacher mobility" has a negative impact on planning, coordination, and insertion activities within the educational community. For them, some strategies to mitigate the impact would be the assignment of work based on teaching positions for a term longer than one year (three years) and the establishment of "regionalization" criteria in the system of teacher assignment and "choice of hours".

Resumen Este estudio tuvo dos propósitos: conocer las percepciones de los docentes de aula de la DGETP-UTU sobre los efectos de la movilidad geográfica en sus prácticas profesionales y analizar la normativa, funcionamiento y organización del sistema de “abono docente”. El diseño metodológico fue de tipo mixto (cual-cuan), de diseño secuencial, con clara predominancia cualitativa, con aportes cuantitativos y alcance exploratorio. En la primera fase se realizó un análisis cuantitativo descriptivo basado en dos fuentes de datos secundarios: el Censo Nacional Docente del año 2007 (ANEP, 2008) y el Censo Nacional Docente del año 2018 (ANEP, 2020), en dos soportes: informe y base de datos. En la segunda fase de profundización cualitativa se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes de aula de la DGETP-UTU de instituciones de Canelones, Florida y San José. Además, se utilizó el análisis documental de 19 documentos de la legislación nacional y resoluciones de la ANEP sobre la política y financiamiento del transporte docente. En los hallazgos, se destaca que la política del “abono docente” de la ANEP data de 1971 e implica un presupuesto creciente. La “movilidad geográfica docente” no es homogénea en el país, así, 12 departamentos son emisores de docentes, en tanto que siete departamentos son receptores. Respecto a las percepciones docentes, las evidencias muestran que la “movilidad geográfica docente” tiene una incidencia negativa en las actividades de planificación, coordinación e inserción en la comunidad educativa. Para ellos, algunas estrategias de mitigación de la afectación serían: la asignación de trabajo basada en cargos docentes por un plazo mayor al de un año (tres años) y establecer criterios de “regionalización” en el sistema de ordenamiento docente y “elección de horas”.

This study was devoted to examining the application of copper dodecanoate as a non-contaminant antifouling pigment due to its low copper content and fatty acid nature. For this purpose, antifouling paints with mono-component epoxy resin and rosin matrixes were formulated, and their antifouling efficiency was evaluated. Before its incorporation into the different formulations, the synthesized pigment was characterized. Immersion tests in a marine environment were carried out for 12 months to evaluate the antifouling efficiency of the developed paints; the results were compared with those from a commercial paint. The antifouling efficiency of the new epoxy formulation was found to be considerably higher than that of the rosin formulation and very similar to that of the commercial paint. Most importantly, the release of copper from the epoxy paint formulated with copper dodecanoate was 73.5% lower than that of the commercial paint, suggesting prolonged activity of the developed paint.

New guest worker programs that promote temporary and documented immigration have been re-implemented by the United States. This is immigration policy that affects Mexican family organization within and across the border. Hence this paper examines first how Mexican male sojourners undertake their reproductive and productive work, by helping to sustain family life even though they are prevented from family reunification. Second, it explores how sojourners rearrange their parental responsibilities that have been disrupted by spatial-temporal family separation through transnational fatherhood.

Nuevos programas de trabajadores huéspedes que promueven la inmigración temporal y documentada han sido reimplementados por Estados Unidos. Ésta es una política de inmigración que afecta la organización familiar mexicana de la familia dentro y fuera de la frontera. Por lo tanto, este trabajo examina, primero, cómo los trabajadores huéspedes se hacen cargo de su trabajo tanto productivo como reproductivo ayudando a la manutención familiar a pesar de tener incertidumbre ante la reunificación de la familia. En segundo lugar, explora cómo los trabajadores huéspedes reordenan sus responsabilidades paternas obstaculizadas por una separación espacio-temporal de la familia en un contexto de paternidad transnacional.

Multi-layered films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and poly(N-methylpyrrole), have been prepared using a layer-by-layer electrodeposition technique. The electrochemical properties and the conductivity of the films formed by 3, 5 and 7 layers have been compared with their homopolymers and with the copolymers prepared from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and N-methylpyrrole with different concentration ratios. The electroactivity and stability of the multi-layered systems were higher than those of PEDOT homopolymer and copolymers. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties improved when the number of layers increased. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the multi-layered films is higher than those of poly(N-methylpyrrole) and copolymers, and comparable to the PEDOT homopolymers. These results indicate that multi-layered systems show better performance than their homopolymers and/or copolymers derivatives for some applications like anticorrosive coatings or sensor materials.

The ability of molecular modeling techniques based on quantum chemical methods to predict the molecular and electronic structure of organic conducting polymers is examined. More specifically, we report on the applicability of these computational tools to study different aspects of polythiophene and its derivatives: molecular geometry and planarity, the structural changes induced by the doping process, the electronic properties and the design of new conducting materials.

Se presenta la capacidad de las técnicas de modelización molecular basadas en métodos de la química cuántica para predecir la estructura molecular y electrónica de polímeros conductores. Concretamente, se discute la aplicabilidad de estas herramientas computacionales al estudio de diferentes aspectos del politiofeno y sus derivados: geometría molecular y planaridad, cambios estructurales producidos por el dopado, propiedades electrónicas y desarrollo de nuevos materiales conductores.

A 1,2-secomicrominutinina (25) racêmica foi sintetizada empregando-se a reação de cicloadição intramolecular de um alceniloxiceteno, preparado a partir do correspondente tosilato. O alceniloxiceteno sofre reação de cicloadição [2+2] intramolecular originando uma benzociclobutafuranona tricíclica (16) que, por oxidação de Bayer-Villiger, fornece uma benzofurofuranona (17). Reação desta última com propiolato de metila, catalisada por trifenilfosfina, produziu o derivado de éster cinâmico (25).

The racemic 1,2-secomicrominutinin (25) was synthesized employing the intramolecular cycloaddition reaction of an (alkenyloxy)ketene, prepared from the corresponding tosylate. The (alkenyloxy)ketene undergoes intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition to give tricyclic benzocyclobutafuranone (16), which by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation gives a benzofuranofuranone (17). Reaction of the latter compound with methyl propiolate, catalyzed by triphenylphosphine, produced the cinnamic ester derivative (25).

The most important computational techniques employed to simulate the structure and properties of polymers at the miscroscopic level have been reviewed. They have been classified in quantum or classical methods depending on the expressions used to describe the interactions between the particles. Furthermore, the applicability of such modeling tools is shown with some results recently obtained by our group. More specifically, we show the applicability of classical methods to determine the crystal structure of polymers, to model the lamellar folding of nylons, to predict the stability of the supramolecular structures adopted by some surfactant·polyelectrolite self-assembled complexes and to investigate the diffusion of simple gases through polymeric matrices. The reliability of quantum methods has been illustrated displaying some studies devoted to study cooperative effects, specific interactions and spectroscopic parameters.

En este trabajo se revisan las técnicas de simulación molecular más habituales y potentes para la descripción de los polímeros a escala atómica y molecular, las cuales se han clasificado en cuánticas o clásicas dependiendo de cómo se describen las interacciones entre las partículas. Se presentan asimismo diversas aplicaciones de dichas metodologías, realizadas en nuestro laboratorio, en el contexto del estudio de la estructura y propiedades de polímeros. En particular, se muestran aplicaciones de las técnicas clásicas a la determinación de estructuras cristalinas, a estudio del plegamiento lamelar de los nylons, a la estabilidad de las estructuras supramoleculares observadas en algunos complejos tensioactivo·polielectrolito y a la difusión de gases en matrices poliméricas, mientras que el uso de técnicas cuánticas se ha ilustrado presentando estudios dedicados a la predicción de efectos cooperativos, interacciones específicas y parámetros espectroscópicos.