Abstract Aim: To analyze whether the proposed physiotherapy protocol during hemodialysis (HD) increases knee extensor muscle strength, palmar grip strength, respiratory muscle strength, lung function, and functional capacity of individuals with Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRI) on HD. Methods: A preliminary results study, in which physical therapy intervention was performed in 11 subjects (49.2 ± 8.6 years) with CRI on HD treatment. Initially, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was collected, with the individual at rest, for 15 minutes, and later, HRV linear and non-linear analyses were performed using HRV Kubios Premium Software. The protocol was performed in the first two hours of the HD session, three times a week for eight weeks, consisting of respiratory exercises, aerobic exercises, and electrical stimulation associated with progressive resistive exercises. The variables evaluated were respiratory muscle strength, knee extensor muscle strength, palmar grip strength, lung function, and functional capacity. Student's t-tests for paired samples and Wilcoxon's tests for non-parametric samples were used considering a significance level of 5%. Results: There was a significant increase in expiratory muscle strength (p = 0,012; Cohen’s d = 0,59), knee extensor muscle strength (p = 0,025; Cohen’s d = 0,77), palmar grip strength (P = 0,001; Cohen’s d = 0,52) and functional capacity (P = 0,009; Cohen’s d = 0,83). Conclusion: The proposed protocol is effective in increasing knee extensor muscle strength, palmar grip strength, expiratory muscle strength, and functional capacity of individuals with CRI on HD.

RESUMO Visando avaliar a funcionalidade dos sujeitos com diabetes mellitus (DM) usando um modelo biopsicossocial, recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, e ancorado no arcabouço teórico-conceitual da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde, este estudo propôs a validação da versão brasileira do WHODAS 2.0 (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule). A versão de 36 itens do WHODAS 2.0 foi aplicada a 100 sujeitos com DM. Como instrumentos auxiliares à validação, utilizou-se o instrumento Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL-Brasil) e a dinamometria. As propriedades psicométricas analisadas foram consistência interna (coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach) e validade externa - convergente e divergente (coeficiente de correlação de Spearman). A análise de consistência interna mostrou-se apropriada, à exceção do domínio “relações interpessoais”. A análise da validade externa confirmou as hipóteses de convergência esperadas na comparação dos domínios correlatos dos instrumentos auxiliares utilizados no processo de validação, exceto no domínio “atividades de vida” (WHODAS) com a dinamometria da mão esquerda. Conclui-se que a versão brasileira do instrumento WHODAS 2.0 é válida para aferição da funcionalidade nesses indivíduos.

ABSTRACT To evaluate the functioning of individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) using a biopsychosocial model, recommended by the World Health Organization and sustained in the theoretical-conceptual framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), this study proposed validating the Brazilian version of WHODAS 2.0 (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule). The 36-item version of WHODAS 2.0 was applied to 100 participants with DM as validation procedures, using the measurement of Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL-Brazil) and a dynamometry. The psychometric properties analyzed were internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha coefficient) and convergent and divergent external validity (Spearman correlation coefficient). The internal consistency analysis was appropriate, except for the “having a good relationship with people” domain in the alpha Cronbach coefficient. External validity analysis confirmed the convergence hypothesis between the correlate domains of the different tools. The exception was the “life activities” domain (WHODAS) with the left-hand dynamometry. The Brazilian version of the WHODAS 2.0 instrument is a valid instrument to assess the functioning of these individuals.

RESUMEN Para evaluar las limitaciones funcionales de las personas con diabetes mellitus (DM) utilizando un modelo biopsicosocial, recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y anclado en el marco teórico-conceptual de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud, este estudio propuso validar la versión brasileña de WHODAS 2.0 (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule). La versión de 36 ítems de WHODAS 2.0 se aplicó a 100 participantes con DM. Como procedimientos auxiliares de validación, se utilizaron la Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL-Brasil) y la dinamometría. Las propiedades psicométricas analizadas fueron la consistencia interna (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach) y la validez externa convergente y divergente (coeficiente de correlación de Spearman). El análisis de la consistencia interna fue apropiado, excepto en el dominio “llevarse bien con las personas” en el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. El análisis de validez externa confirmó la hipótesis de convergencia entre los dominios correlacionados de las diferentes herramientas. La excepción fue el dominio “actividades de la vida” (WHODAS) con la dinamometría izquierda. Se concluye que la versión brasileña del WHODAS 2.0 es un instrumento válido para evaluar el funcionamiento de estos individuos.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of statins associated with physical exercise (PE) in liver cells in dyslipidemic rats through cariometry. The animals were divided into six groups: animals subjected to a hypercholesterolemic diet (HD), simvastatin, with (G1) and without (G2) physical exercise (PE); HD submitted (G3) or not (G4) to PE, and commercial food diet (F) with (G5) and without (G6) PE. Histological analysis of the liver was performed by staining the slides with hematoxylin and eosin. The cariometric study included measuring the major and minor diameters of the hepatocytes nuclei. The Shapiro-Wilk test was also performed. To determine the differences among the groups, the Kruskal-Wallis Test with Dunn's post-test were conducted. The significance level was set at 5%. No difference was found in the hepatocytes nuclei between G5 and G6. When these groups were related with G3 and G4, reduced nuclei were observed. There was no difference between G1 and G6. The comparison between G6 and G2 showed that the nuclei in G2 were smaller. No difference was detected between G5 and G1. Changes were observed in the nuclei shape in G2 in comparison to G1. Considering G2 and G3, a decrease in the size of nuclei was observed in G3. On the other hand, G2 showed changes in shape in the comparative analysis with G4. The size and shape of G1 nuclei were larger than G3 as well as changes in shape were observed when compared to G4. G4 showed smaller nuclei than G3. Therefore, F, associated or not with the practice of PE, does not alter the size and shape of the hepatocytes nuclei; HD combined with sedentarism influences changes in the morphometric parameters of hepatocytes; and the association of simvastatin and PE seems to protect the hepatocytes nuclei with regard to HD.

As estatinas são utilizadas no tratamento das dislipidemias, com grande tolerância; no entanto, vários efeitos colaterais podem surgir, destacando-se miopatia. A prática regular do exercício físico (EF) produz modificações favoráveis no perfil lipídico; entretanto, pode gerar lesões musculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da associação entre exercício físico e estatinas na função muscular, pela análise histológica, em modelo experimental animal com dislipidemia. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 80 ratos machos Wistar, distribuídos em oito grupos, incluindo animais submetidos à dieta hipercolesterolêmica (DH), sinvastatina com (G1) e sem (G2) EF; DH e fluvastatina, com (G3) e sem EF (G4); alimentados com ração comercial (RC) na presença (G5) e ausência de (G6) EF; DH submetidos (G7) ou não (G8) a EF. A DH foi administrada por 90 dias, as estatinas e prática de EF em esteira rolante por oito semanas. Os animais foram sacrificados, e o músculo sóleo retirado para análise histológica. Aplicaram-se os testes t de Student pareado e análise multivariada, com nível significante para p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: As principais alterações histológicas encontradas foram fibras de diferentes diâmetros, atróficas, em degeneração, splitting, edema, infiltrado inflamatório. Essas alterações foram observadas em 90% dos animais do grupo G1, 80% do G2, 70% do G3, 30% do G4, 40% do G5 e 30% do G7. Nos grupos G6 e G8 identificaram-se fibras musculares com morfologia preservada. CONCLUSÕES: Na avaliação histológica muscular, a associação entre fluvastatina, sinvastatina e exercício físico acarreta alterações morfológicas com predomínio no uso da sinvastatina, variando de grau leve a grave, no músculo sóleo de ratos, induzidos pelos inibidores da HMG-CoA redutase.

Statins are used in the treatment of dyslipidemias with great tolerance; however, several side effects can arise, mainly myopathies. Regular practice of physical exercises (PE) produces beneficial alteration in the lipid profile, but it can result in muscular lesions. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effect of the association between physical exercise and statins in the muscular function through histological analysis in an experimental animal model with dyslipidemia. METHODS: 80 male Wistar mice, distributed in 8 groups, namely: animals submitted to a hypercholesterolemic diet (HD), symvastatin with (G1) and without PE (G2) ; HD and fluvastatin with (G3) and without PE (G4); fed with commercial food (CR) in the presence (G5) and absence of PE (G6); HD submitted (G7) or not (G8) to PE were used. The HD was administered statins and PE practice on treadmill for 90 days for 8 weeks. The animals were sacrificed, and the soleus muscle was removed for histological analysis. Paired t-tests and multivariate analysis were applied with significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: The most important histological alterations found were fibers with different diameters and atrophic, with degeneration, splitting, edema and inflammatory infiltrate. These alterations were observed in 90% of animals from G1; 80% from G2; 70% from G3; 30% from G4; 40% from G5 and 30% from G7. In the G6 and G8 groups muscular fibers with preserved morphology were identified. CONCLUSION: In the muscular histological evaluation, the association of fluvastatin, symvastatin and physical exercise results in morphological alterations with predominance with the use of simvastatin, varying from a light to a high level, in the soleus muscle of mice, induced by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

Physical exercise and statins, which are recommended for the treatment of dyslipidemia, are independently associated to the occurrence of muscle injury. The objective is analyze the effect of aerobic exercise associated to the use of simvastatin on the morphology of the gastrocnemius muscle. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into six groups, two of which received a standard diet (1 sedentary and 1 exercised) and four (1 sedentary with medication, 1 sedentary without medication, 1 exercised with medication, 1 exercised without medication) received a hypercholesterolemic diet (standard diet with the addition of cholesterol and coconut oil). Simvastatin (20 mg/Kg) was administered five days a week for eight weeks, together with aerobic training on a treadmill (9.75 m/min) for 60 minutes a day. The gastrocnemius muscle was removed, sliced, stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and submitted to a histochemical reaction to determine mitochondrial activity. The data were analyzed using a paired t-test, analysis of variance and Scheffé's post hoc test (p<0.05). Greater histological alterations were found in the medicated and exercised animals, with a greater frequency of occurrence as well. The histochemical analysis revealed that the medicated groups had fibers with more intensive mitochondrial activity alongside fibers with an absence of reaction. The morphometric analysis revealed no significant differences between groups. It is suggested that simvastatin is a medication that leads to the occurrence of muscle injury and its administration in association with physical activity may exacerbate these injuries. This finding may be related to cellular respiration.

El ejercicio físico y las estatinas, son intervenciones recomendadas para el tratamiento de la dislipidemia y están independientemente asociadas con la ocurrencia de lesiones musculares. El objetivo fue analizar el efecto del ejercicio aeróbico asociado al uso de la sinvastatina en la morfología del músculo gastrocnemio. 30 ratas macho Wistar fueron divididos en 6 grupos, de los cuales 2 recibieron ración padrón, sedentarios, ejercitados y 4 recibieron dieta con alto nivel de colesterol, sedentarios con y sin medicamento, ejercitados con y sin medicamentos. La dieta fue elaborada a partir de una dieta padrón aumentada de colesterol y aceite de coco. La Sinvastatina (20 mg) fue administrada por 5 días por semana durante 8 semanas (20 mg/kg), junto al entrenamiento aeróbico en la estera (9,75 m/min) por 60 minutos por día. El músculo gastrocnemio colectado fue cortado y colorido por el método Hematoxilina-Eosina y sometido a una reacción histoquímica para verificar la actividad mitocondrial. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el test t pareado, análisis de la variancia e Pos-Hoc de Scheffé, adoptándose p<0,05. Se verifico la presencia de alteraciones histológicas más significativas en los animales medicados y ejercitados, siendo también mayor la frecuencia de ocurrencia. El análisis histoquímica apunto que los grupos medicados presentaron fibras con actividad mitocondrial más intensa, al lado de fibras con pérdida de reacción. Los resultados de la morfometría no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos estudiados. Se puede sugerir que la simvastatina es un medicamento que lleva a la ocurrencia de lesiones musculares e que su administración concomitante con la práctica de actividad física puede exacerbar estas lesiones, pudiendo tal hecho, estar relacionado con la respiración celular.