Este artigo objetiva analisar o significado social dos termos e expressões referentes a epidemias de cólera e de varíola que acometeram milhares de pessoas no Ceará durante o século XIX, sobretudo a partir de um corpus constituído da novela de 1899, Violação, de Rodolfo Teófilo; e de textos jornalísticos do semanário O Araripe, impresso de 1855 a 1864 em Crato-Ceará. É um trabalho que se situa no âmbito da Linguística Histórica lato sensu, sendo utilizada como metodologia de análise essencialmente aquela da História Social da Linguagem, nos moldes dos trabalhos de Burke e Porter (1993, 1997) e Burke (2010). Também subjazem ao nosso trabalho analítico as propostas teóricas de Benveniste (1995, 1989), principalmente aquelas que abordam a relação que se estabelece entre língua e realidade ou entre léxico e cultura. Nossas conclusões, advindas das análises, apontam para a necessidade de entendermos a linguagem não como simulacro da realidade, mas como parte viva da realidade social, cultural e histórica do homem. A relação entre as palavras e as doenças pode ser marcada por concepções e preconceitos históricos e socioculturais e revelar as funções sociais que tem a linguagem.

This paper intends to analyze the social meaning of terms and expressions related to epidemics of cholera and smallpox which affected thousands of people in Ceará (Brazil) during the nineteenth century. Our corpus is composed of an 1899 novel called Violação, written by Rodolfo Teófilo; and of some articles from the weekly newspaper known as O Araripe, which was printed from 1855 to 1864 in Crato, Ceará. The main theoretical approach for this research is the Historical Linguistics (lato sensu) studies, associated with the methodology of analysis developed by the Social History of Language, mainly considering the methods used by Burke and Porter (1993, 1997) and Burke (2010). In addition to that, our analytical work also comprehends the use of theoretical proposals created by Benveniste (1995, 1989), especially those ones which deal with the relationship between language and reality or between lexicon and culture. The conclusions obtained from our analysis point out that it is necessary to understand the language not as a simulacrum of reality, but as a living part of social, cultural and historical realities of humankind. The relationship between words and diseases can be highlighted by historical and sociocultural conceptions as well as by prejudices; besides that, it also reveals the social functions of the language

The purpose of this study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of the non-fractionated aqueous extract of A. sylvaticus mushroom in cultures of non-tumor cells (NIH3T3) and tumor cells (OSCC-3). The cells were maintained in DMEN cell culture medium added of 10% of fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotic. For the cytotoxicity test we prepared the aqueous mushroom extract at concentrations of 0.01 mg.ml-1, 0.02 mg.ml-1, 0.04 mg.ml-1, 0.08 mg.ml-1, 0.16 mg.ml-1, and 0.32 mg.ml-1. For the culture, 2 x 10(5) cells/ml was deposited in 96-well microplates during 24 hour incubation with subsequent exchange of medium by another containing the mushroom concentrations. After 24 hour incubation the medium was discarded and 100 ml of tetrazolium blue (MTT) was added at a concentration of 5 mg.ml-1. The microplates were incubated for 2 h at 37º C. Spectrophotometric analysis was performed using 570 nm wavelength. From the values of the optical densities we determined the drug concentration capable of reducing cell viability by 50%. Therefore, the mushroom A. sylvaticus, at all concentrations tested, did not show cytotoxic effects, once the inhibitory concentration (IC50) obtained for tumor cells OSCC-3 was 0.06194 mg.ml-1, and the IC50 checked for non-tumor cells NIH3T3 was 0,06468 mg.ml-1. This test made it possible to determine that A. sylvaticus mushroom has no cytotoxic effects, suggesting its use safe for human consumption.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto citotóxico de un extracto acuoso no fraccionado de la seta A. sylvaticus en cultivos de células no tumorales (NIH3T3) y tumorales (OSCC-3). Se mantuvo a las células en un medio de cultivo celular DMEN al que se añadió suero de ternera fetal al 10% y antibiótico al 1%. Para la prueba de toxicidad, se preparó el extracto acuoso del hongo a concentraciones 0,01 mg.ml-1, 0,02 mg.ml-1, 0,04 mg.ml-1, 0,08 mg.ml-1, 0,16 mg.ml-1 y 0,32 mg.ml-1. Para el cultivo, 2 x 105 células/ml se depositaron en microplacas de 96 pocillos durante 24 horas de incubación con el subsiguiente recambio del medio por otro que contenía las concentraciones del hongo. Tras 24 horas de incubación, se desechó el medio y se añadieron 100 ml de azul de tetrazolio (MTT) a una concentración de 5 mg.ml-1. Se incubaron las microplacas durante 2 h a 37º C. Se realizó un análisis espectrofotométrico con una longitud de onda de 570 nm. A partir de los valores de las densidades ópticas, se determinó la concentración de la droga capaz de reducir la viabilidad celular en un 50 %. La seta A. sylvaticus, a todas las concentraciones probadas, no mostró efectos citotóxicos una vez que la concentración inhibitoria (IC50) obtenida para las células tumorales OSCC-3 fue de 0,06194 mg.ml-1 y la IC50 comprobada para las células no tumorales NIH3T3 fue de 0,06468 mg.ml-1. Esta prueba consiguió determinar que la seta A. sylvaticus no posee efectos citotóxicos lo que sugiere un uso seguro para el consumo humano.

The phytochemical investigation of the stem bark and leaves of G. elliptica provided a mixture of the norisoprenoids blumenol B and 6-epiblumenol B along with the triterpenes friedelin, as the major constituent, friedelanol, ursa-9(11),12-dien-3-ol, a-amyrin, β-amyrin, morentenol, epifriedelanol, as well as the sesquiterpenes trans-caryophyllene, α-humulene, ethyl hydnocarpate and other fatty acid esters. The identification of the compounds was performed on basis of spectrometric methods such as GC-MS, IR, MS and 1D and 2D NMR. Stem bark extracts showed significant leishmanicidal activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania braziliensis, with the best results for the chloroform extract.