ABSTRACT Migrational behavior of anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) in the Northern Humboldt Current System between September 2019 and September 2020 is analyzed. Acoustic, biological, and oceanographic data and information from the several research cruises carried out by the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) during this period were considered. The results showed the presence of transitory warm oceanographic events that induced the anchoveta population to make horizontal and vertical migrations in their search for cold conditions, the adult specimens (bigger than 12 cm of total length) retracted near the bottom of the platform being inaccessible to the fishing fleet; after the normalization of environmental conditions, their abundance was accessible to the fishing fleet. Therefore, the fishing activity in the second season of anchoveta fishing in 2019 had a negative impact due to the joint action of environmental events and events of a biological nature (entry of strong recruitment and migration). The anchoveta was preferably found in cold coastal waters that varied in the seasons. In the spring of 2019, it was found in temperatures lower than 22.1°C, in the summer of 2020 at temperatures lower than 23.1°C, and in the winter of 2020 at temperatures lower than 17.2°C; as for, salinity was always found in values lower than 35.2. The strategy of the migratory behavior of the anchoveta concerning its habitat in this period has allowed it to remain in its abundance in the Humboldt Current System, which added to adequate fishing management will allow it to maintain its sustainability.

The values of size-at-gonad maturity (L50) of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus peruanus) were estimated for the years 1994 - 2017 in the Peruvian littoral. The analysis was performed for the period November - March where the highest reproductive activity occurs. The proportion of mature females was ftted using a logistic binary model, through generalized linear mixed models (MLGM), which assumes random effects associated with the periods. The GLMM, with fixed effects estimated a L50 of 24.8 cm of fork length (FL) (24.69 cm - 24.9 cm), while with changes between periods, with random effects, L50 ranged between 20.4 cm and 27.0 cm FL. It was observed that an increase in temperature caused the decrease of the L50 in the years 1997 - 1999 and 2015 - 2016, which coincides with El Niño events. A positive correlation was found between the L50 and spawning biomass, so changes in L50 may be a density-dependent effect. There was no trend in the L50 series, so there would be no effect of the fishing mortality (F) on the L50. However, we think that the decrease in the L50 in relation to a low population density and mainly an increase in F should be given as a long-term effect and not in isolated events as our results showed.

Se estimaron valores de la talla de madurez gonadal (L50) de la caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus) para los años 1994 - 2017 en el litoral peruano. El análisis se realizó para el periodo noviembre - marzo donde ocurre la mayor actividad reproductiva. La proporción de hembras maduras en relación a la talla se ajustó mediante un modelo logístico binomial, para ello se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados con efectos mixtos (MLGM) que asumieron efectos aleatorios asociados a los periodos. El ajuste con el MLGM, mediante sus efectos fjos estimó una L50 de 24.8 cm de longitud a la horquilla (LH) (24.69 cm - 24.9 cm), mientras que con cambios entre periodos, mediante sus efectos aleatorios, los valores oscilaron entre 20.4 cm y 27.0 cm de LH en promedio. Se observó que un aumento en la temperatura causó la disminución de la L50 en los periodos 1997 - 1999 y 2015 - 2016, los cuales coinciden con la presencia de eventos El Niño. Una correlación positiva fue encontrada entre las L50 y la biomasa desovante, estos cambios en las L50 podrían indicar un efecto de denso-dependencia. No se mostró una tendencia en la serie de L50, por tanto no habría un efecto de la presión de pesca, traducida como la tasa instantánea de mortalidad por pesca (F) sobre la L50. Sin embargo, creemos que estas disminuciones de la L50, en relación a una baja densidad poblacional y principalmente a un incremento en la F deben darse como un efecto a largo plazo y no en eventos puntuales como se reflejaron en nuestros resultados.

There are records of the presence of Jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi in the artisanal fishery landings in Peru since 1907. Since 2000 Jack mackerel T. murphyi catches are ranked third after anchovy Engraulis ringens and jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas. Artisanal, industrial purse seine and offshore (factory trawlers) fleets take part in the Peruvian catches of T. murphyi. In 2011 the industrial purse-seine fleet with license to fish for T. murphyi along the Peruvian coast comprised of 62 industrial steel vessels (30177 m³) and 42 industrial wood vessels (3082 m³). Catches of T. murphyi had a significant increase after 1972, with maximum catches in 1977, 1996-97 and 2001, after which several years of low availability followed, with the lowest catches in 2010. However, this low availability trend was reversed in 2011, and catches reached almost 260 thousand tons that year. A general inverse relationship has been observed between the T. murphyi estimated acoustic biomass and the annual landings of anchovy E. ringens during the the period 1972 - 2012. The monthly catches of T. murphyi by the industrial and artisanal fleets before 2002 were higher in the northern part of Peru (Mancora-Chimbote) while after 2002 the catches were higher in the south-central zone (Huacho-Ilo).

La presencia del jurel Trachurus murphyi ha sido registrado en los desembarques de la pesca artesanal en Perú desde 1907. A partir del año 2000, las capturas de T. murphyi se ubicaron en el tercer lugar después de la anchoveta Engraulis ringens y el calamar gigante Dosidicus gigas. Las capturas de T. murphyi son realizadas por la flota artesanal, industrial cerquera y barcos arrastreros factoría. En el año 2011, la flota industrial cerquera con permiso de pesca para T. murphyi en la costa peruana estaba constituida por 62 embarcaciones industriales de acero (30177 m³) y 42 industriales de madera (3082 m³). Las capturas de T. murphyi tuvieron un notable incremento a partir de 1972, alcanzando sus máximos valores en 1977, 1996-97 y 2001, a los que siguieron años de muy baja disponibilidad que llevó al mínimo registro en las capturas en 2010. Sin embargo en el 2011 se revirtió esta baja disponibilidad y las capturas alcanzaron casi las 260000 toneladas. En el periodo 1972 - 2012 se observó una relación inversa entre los estimados de biomasa acústica del jurel T. murphyi y los desembarques anuales de anchoveta E. ringens. Las capturas mensuales de T. murphyi por la flota industrial y artesanal antes del 2002 fueron altas en la zona norte de Perú (Mancora-Chimbote), mientras que después del 2002 las capturas fueron altas en la zona centro-sur (Huacho-Ilo).

A influência do evento El Niño 1992-1993 no comportamento reprodutivo de Scomber japonicus peruanus (cavalinha) foi estudada a partir de amostras coletadas mensalmente, ao longo do litoral peruano (3º23'S-14º00'S), de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 1993. A variação mensal do índice gonadossomático e a freqüência dos estágios de maturação gonadal evidenciaram que a desova da cavalinha ocorreu o ano inteiro, sendo mais intensa no verão. Os valores do índice gonadossomático foram mais elevados durante o evento El Niño, mas, em contraposição, as fêmeas apresentaram peso menor. Os dados mostraram que o fator de condição diminuiu em fêmeas com mais de 35 cm de comprimento furcal.

The influence of the 1992-1993 El Niño events on the reproductive behavior of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Chub mackerel) was studied from samples collected monthly, along the Peruvian coast (3º23'S-14º00'S), from January 1990 to December 1993. The monthly variation of the gonadosomatic index and the frequency of the periods of gonad maturation evidenced that the spawning of the species occurred all year long, being more intense in summer. The values of the gonadosomatic index were higher during the occurrence of the 1992-1993 El Niño, while the body weight and gonad weight decreased. Regarding the condition factor, its values decreased in females over 35 cm in fork length.

Os parâmetros de crescimento e as taxas de mortalidade de Scomber japonicus peruanus (cavalinha) foram estudados a partir de dados mensais de freqüência de classes de comprimento provenientes do desembarque comercial ao longo da costa peruana no período de 1996 a 1998. Os valores do comprimento furcal assintótico e da taxa de crescimento obtido pelo ELEFAN I(Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) variaram de 40,20 cm a 42,20 cm e de 0,38 a 0,39, respectivamente. A amplitude de oscilação foi de 0,60; os valores de Winter point variaram de 0,5 a 0,6 e os do índice de performance entre 2,79 e 2,84. As taxas de mortalidade total da cavalinha obtidas pela análise da curva de captura linearizada oscilaram entre 1,68 e 3,35, sendo as variações das taxas de mortalidade por pesca e explotação de 1,16 a 2,78 e 0,68 a 0,84, respectivamente. A taxa anual de mortalidade natural estimada pelo método de Pauly variou de 0,52 a 0,53. Os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que a longevidade da cavalinha foi de pouco mais de sete anos.

The growth parameters and the mortality rates of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Chub mackerel) were studied based on monthly data of frequency of fork length classes obtained from commercial landings off the Peruvian coast from 1996 to 1998. The asymptotic body length and growth rate values obtained by the ELEFAN I (Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) ranged from 40.20 cm to 42.20 cm and from 0.38 to 0.39, respectively. The oscillation amplitude was 0.60; the Winter point values varied from 0.50 to 0.60 and the performance index from 2.79 to 2.84. The total mortality rate of the Chub mackerel obtained by the linearized catch curve oscillated between 1.68 and 3.35. The rate of fishing mortality varied from 1.16 to 2.78 and the exploitation rate from 0.68 to 0.84. The annual rate of natural mortality estimated by the Pauly's method ranged from 0.52 to 0.53. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the longevity of the Chub mackerel was slightly over seven years.