A considerable number of engineering materials is polycrystalline. Cahn proposed analytical expressions for transformations nucleated at the grain faces, triple junctions, and quadruple junctions. Those places are usually the places in which a new phase takes place. Cahn assumed that the new grain boundary nucleated phase grew as spheres. Nonetheless, the austenite grain boundary nucleated ferrite does not always grow as spheres. Bradley et al. demonstrated in a series of papers that a grain boundary nucleated ferrite allotriomorph is best described by an oblate ellipsoid. The reason for ellipsoidal growth is that the growth along the grain boundary plane is faster than the thickening into the austenite. Because of this, it is of interest to have analytical solutions and computer simulations of grain boundary nucleated transformations not only for spherical growth but also for ellipsoidal growth. In this work, we present a computer simulation of grain boundary nucleated transformations that grow as ellipsoids. The computer simulation results were compared with a new exact analytical expression obtained by Villa and Rios.

This paper generalizes previous work of Rios and Villa on spherical growth. The generalized equation applies to nucleation of ellipsoids according to an inhomogeneous Poisson point process. Microstructural evolution in three dimensions of nucleation and growth transformations of ellipsoids is simulated using the causal cone method. In the simulation, nuclei are located in space according to an inhomogeneous Poisson point process. The transformed regions grow with prolate and oblate ellipsoidal shapes. The ellipsoids have their corresponding axes parallel. The simulation and the exact analytical solution are in excellent agreement. Microstructures generated by the computer simulation are displayed. From these generated microstructures one can obtain the contiguity. In the contiguity against volume fraction plot, data from the sphere and all ellipsoids fall on the same curve. The contiguity curve for nucleation according to an inhomogeneous Poisson point process falls above the contiguity curve for nucleation according to a homogeneous Poisson point process. This behavior indicates that nucleation according to an inhomogeneous Poisson point process introduced a nucleus clustering effect.

Abstract The categorical approach of personality disorders (PD) has given way to a dimensional paradigm. Within this, the Five-factor model (FFM) proposes theoretical hypotheses describing personality pathologies and PD empirical prototypes based on the DSM (DSM-PD). Moreover, a methodology to score DSM-PD using the NEO PI-R facets was developed. In this ex post-facto study FFM-PD count norms were developed using data from the NEO PI-R Spanish adaptation. Furthermore, the diagnostic agreement with the IPDE and validity of FFM-PD counts was analyzed in a clinical (n = 222) and non-clinical sample (n = 742). Based on NEO PI-R scores, we presented Spanish FFM-PD normative data. FFM-PD benchmarks were highly likely to be exceeded if subjects were classified as a subclinical case in the DSM-PD. Convergent correlations of FFM-PD counts with their equivalent subclinical cases of DSM-PD were statistically significant and outperformed any divergent correlation as well as the average divergent correlations in all FFM-PD. The use of a count technique based on NEO PI-R facets and Spanish FFM-PD normative data facilitate PD understanding and interpretation in various applied psychology fields.

Resumen La concepción categórica de los trastornos de personalidad (TP) ha dado paso al paradigma dimensional, donde el modelo de los Cinco Factores (MCF) propone hipótesis teóricas para describir la patología de la personalidad y prototipos empíricos de los TP del DSM, además de técnicas para valorarlos en base a facetas del NEO PI-R. En este estudio ex post-facto se han elaborado baremos para el recuento de TP-MCF a partir de la adaptación española del NEO PI-R. Además, se ha comprobado la coherencia diagnóstica con IPDE y la validez de los recuentos de TP-MCF en una muestra clínica (n = 222) y otra no clínica (n = 742). A partir de las puntuaciones en NEO PI-R se elaboró el baremo español de los TP-MCF, cuyas cotas significativas son superadas con elevada probabilidad por casos subclínicos detectados con IPDE. Las correlaciones convergentes entre los recuentos de TP-MCF y los equivalentes casos de TP-DSM fueron estadísticamente significativas y superaron a cualquier correlación divergente y a la correlación divergente media en todos los TP-MCF. El recuento de facetas relevantes en TP-MCF y el baremo español resultante facilitan la comprensión e interpretación de los TP en distintos ámbitos de la psicología aplicada.

Computer simulation of simultaneous evolution of individual texture components during recrystallization of an IF steel is carried out. A new methodology has been developed that takes as its starting point experimental data of each texture component evolving during recrystallization. In particular, Magnusson et al. data on IF steel was analyzed in a previous work with the help of the exact analytical tools developed by Rios and Villa for simultaneous transformations. From this analysis parameters such as number of nuclei of each texture component per unit of volume could be obtained and were employed as input for the present computer simulation. From this input 3-d microstructures could then be generated. The methodology proposed here combines experimental data, exact analytical methods and computer simulation and may be employed to extract the maximum information from the experimental data.

Microstructural evolution in three dimensions of nucleation and growth transformations is simulated by means of cellular automata (CA). In the simulation, nuclei are located in space according to a heterogeneous Poisson point processes. The simulation is compared with exact analytical solution recently obtained by Rios and Villa supposing that the intensity is a harmonic function of the spatial coordinate. The simulated data gives very good agreement with the analytical solution provided that the correct shape factor for the growing CA grains is used. This good agreement is auspicious because the analytical expressions were derived and thus are exact only if the shape of the growing regions is spherical.