Resumen Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar los factores socioeconómicos y demográficos asociados con la presentación de cáncer colorrectal (CCR) en etapas avanzadas en nuestra institución. Métodos: De Enero 2009 a Enero 2018, aquellos pacientes operados por CCR fueron incluidos y analizados de forma retrospectiva. Se realizó análisis de regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo independientes para presentar CCR avanzado. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 277 pacientes, de los cuales 53.5% se diagnosticaron con CCR avanzado. En el análisis multivariable: vivienda en zona rural (OR = 5.25; 95% CI: 2.27-12-10; p < 0.001), pérdida de peso (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.35-4.09; p = 0.002), necesidad de cirugía de urgencia (OR = 4.68; 95% CI: 1.25-17.49; p = 0.022), tumores en recto (OR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.44-4.91; p = 0.002), fueron factores asociados a mayor probabilidad de presentación avanzada del CCR. Conclusiones: Pacientes con nivel socioeconómico bajo, aquellos que acuden sintomáticos, y los que requieren de inicio cirugía de urgencia, fueron factores asociados a presentaciones avanzadas de CCR. Se requieren intervenciones especiales para mejorar el acceso a un diagnóstico temprano y oportuno en estos grupos poblacionales.

Abstract Background: The aim of the study was to determine the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) presentation at our institution. Methods: From January 2009 to January 2018, patients that underwent CRC surgery at our institution were included and retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine independent risk factors for presenting with advanced CRC. Results: A total of 277 patients were included, 53.5% presented with advanced CRC. The multivariate analysis identified that living in a rural area (odds ratio [OR] = 5.25; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.27-12-10; p < 0.001), weight loss (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.35-4.09; p = 0.002), needing emergency surgery (OR = 4.68; 95% CI: 1.25-17.49; p = 0.022), location in the rectum in comparison with colon (OR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.44-4.91; p = 0.002), and location in the mid rectum (OR = 6.10; 95% CI: 2.31-16.12; p < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of advanced CRC stage at presentation. Conclusions: Patients with lower socioeconomic status, with symptoms, and needing emergency surgery were associated with advanced CRC stage at presentation. Special interventions to improve access to care in this population should be planned to enhance CRC outcomes.

ABSTRACT Background: Muscle mass and visceral fat may be assessed at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) in computed tomography (CT). Both variables have been related with adverse surgical outcomes. Objective: The objective of the study was to study the association of skeletal muscle index (SMI) and visceral fat area (VFA) with 30-day mortality in colorectal surgery. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital in Mexico City. Patients who underwent colorectal surgery with primary anastomosis from January 2007 to December 2018 were included in the study. Their pre-operative CT scans were analyzed with the NIH ImageJ software at the level of the third lumbar vertebra to determine their SMI (L3-SMI) and the VFA. Logistic regression analysis (adjusted by surgery anatomical location) was used to determine the association between these variables and surgical 30-day mortality. Results: A total of 548 patients were included; 30-day mortality was 4.18% (23 patients). On univariable analysis, L3-SMI, low SMI, anastomosis leak, pre-operative albumin, estimated blood loss, age, steroid use, Charlson comorbidity index score >2, and type of surgery were associated with 30-day mortality. On multivariable analysis, low SMI remained an independent risk factor with an odds ratio of 4.74, 95% confidence interval 1.22-18.36 (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Low SMI was found to be an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality in patients submitted to colorectal surgery with a primary anastomosis, whether for benign or malignant diagnosis. VFA was not associated with 30-day mortality.

Abstract Introduction: Pelvic exenteration is a radical treatment for locally advanced and recurrent pelvic tumors. The aim of this study was to analyze the perioperative and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing pelvic exenteration for rectal cancer at a referral center in Mexico City. Method: We included all patients who underwent pelvic exenteration due to rectal cancer between 1995 and 2019. Demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological variables were analyzed. Results: 18 patients were included (16 locally advanced and 2 recurrent). The male-female ratio was 1:3.5. The highest morbidity was 27.7%. Intraoperative bleeding ≥ 1000 ml was associated with postoperative morbidity (80 vs. 20%; p = 0.029) and mortality (100 vs. 0; p = 0.043). The median overall survival was 102 months. Overall survival and disease free survival at 5 years after exenteration were 44.4% and 38.8%, respectively. Lymphovascular invasion of the tumor was a poor prognostic factor for disease free survival (p = 0.017). Conclusions: Pelvic exenteration for rectal cancer is a surgical procedure with high morbidity and mortality. Lymphovascular invasion is a poor prognostic factor for disease-free survival.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los resultados perioperatorios y a largo plazo de los pacientes sometidos a exenteración pélvica para cáncer de recto en un centro de referencia en la Ciudad de México. Método: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes que se sometieron a exenteración pélvica por cáncer de recto entre 1995 y 2019. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y patológicas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 18 pacientes operados por cáncer de recto (16 localmente avanzados y 2 recurrentes). La relación hombre: mujer fue de 1:3.5. La morbilidad mayor fue del 27.7%. El sangrado intraoperatorio ≥ 1000 ml se asoció con morbilidad (80 vs. 20%; p = 0,029) y mortalidad posoperatoria (100 vs. 0; p = 0.043). La mediana de sobrevida global fue 102 meses. Las sobrevidas global y libre de enfermedad a los 5 años fueron del 44.4% y el 38.8%, respectivamente. La invasión linfovascular fue un factor de mal pronóstico para sobrevida libre de enfermedad (p = 0.017). Conclusiones: La exenteración pélvica para el cáncer de recto es un procedimiento quirúrgico con altas morbilidad y mortalidad. La invasión linfovascular es un factor de mal pronóstico para la sobrevida libre de enfermedad.

Abstract Antecedentes: El diagnóstico de cáncer colorrectal (CCR) en el contexto de urgencia está asociado a un mal pronóstico. Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociodemográficos asociados a cirugía de urgencia en el CCR en nuestra institución Método: De enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2017 se incluyeron los pacientes operados de CCR y se realizaron análisis univariado y multivariado para determinar los potenciales factores de riesgo. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 247 pacientes operados de CCR. El 7.7% de las cirugías fueron de urgencia. En el análisis univariado, los pacientes sin antecedentes familiares de cáncer (odds ratio [OR]: 4.95), los habitantes de zonas rurales (OR: 3.7) y aquellos en etapas avanzadas del cáncer (OR: 5.06) se asociaron a cirugía de urgencia. Los pacientes con nivel socioeconómico medio tuvieron menos probabilidad de que su cirugía fuera de urgencia (OR: 0.14; p = 0.003). En el análisis multivariado, debutar con una etapa clínica avanzada (OR: 4.41; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1.21-16.05; p = 0.024) y tener un nivel socioeconómico medio (OR: 0.41; IC95%: 0.04-0.55; p = 0.004) fueron factores independientes para cirugía de urgencia por CCR. Conclusiones: Los factores sociales, económicos y demográficos se encontraron relacionados con la necesidad de cirugía de urgencia por CCR.

Background: Diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) after emergency presentation is associated with a worse prognosis. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the sociodemographic factors related with emergency CRC surgery at our institution. Methods: From January 2009 to December 2017, patients that underwent CRC surgery at our institution were included in the study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the effect of the potential risk factors on the rate of emergency surgery. Results: A total of 247 patients underwent CRC surgery at our institution. The rate of emergency surgery was 7.7%. On univariate analysis, patients without a family history of cancer (odds ratio [OR]: 4.95), living in a rural area (OR: 3.7), and late clinical cancer stage (OR: 5.06) were associated with emergent surgery. Mid-income status was a protective factor for emergency surgery (OR: 0.14, p = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, late clinical cancer stage (OR: 4.41, 95% CI 1.21-16.05, p = 0.024) and mid-income economic status (OR: 0.41, 95% CI 0.04-0.55, p = 0.004) were identified as independent risk factors for emergency surgery. Conclusion: Social, economic, and demographic factors were identified as predictors for emergent CRC surgery.

Abstract Colonic lipomas are infrequent, benign, non-epithelial, fatty neoplasms. Most of the colonic lipomas are asymptomatic, but around 25% of patients may develop symptoms. Nowadays, surgical resection of the involved segment is the treatment of choice. We report three cases of colonic intussusceptions caused by colonic lipomas in adult patients. The patients underwent surgical resection, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination of the specimens.

Resumen Los lipomas colónicos son neoplasias benignas, adiposas, no epiteliales poco frecuentes. La mayoría de los lipomas de colon son asintomáticos, pero alrededor del 25% de los pacientes pueden desarrollar síntomas. En la actualidad, la resección quirúrgica del segmento afectado es el tratamiento de elección. Presentamos tres casos de intususcepción intestinal secundaria a lipomas colónicos en pacientes adultos. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a resección quirúrgica y el diagnóstico se confirmó mediante examen histopatológico.

ABSTRACT Background: Despite the advantages of diverting loop ileostomy construction, it is related to complications. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors for complications after loop ileostomy closure. Methods: Patients who underwent loop ileostomy closure from January 2010 to March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the effect of the potential risk factors on the rate of each complication. Results: A total of 136 patients underwent reversal. Indications for the initial operation were colorectal cancer (39.7%), diverticulitis (25.7%), idiopathic chronic ulcerative colitis (ICUC) (8.1%), familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (7.4%), and others (19.1%). Multivariate analysis identified the following risk factors: type of incision (midline laparotomy) (odds ratio [OR] = 6.5) for wound infection; treatment with immunomodulator (OR = 12.5) for anastomotic leak; history of FAP (OR = 9.8) for intestinal obstruction; previous use of immunomodulator (OR = 10.0) and performing reversal through midline incision (OR = 18.9) for reoperation; and ≥ 65 years old (OR = 3.5) for medical complications. The rate of incisional hernia was 11%, and the risk factors were time to closure < 3 months (OR = 6.4) and parastomal hernia (OR = 13.2). Conclusions: Several patient-related and surgical technique factors should be considered at the time of loop ileostomy closure to reduce post-operative morbidity.

Resumen Antecedentes: A pesar de las ventajas de la ileostomía en asa de derivación, múltiples complicaciones se han asociado a su uso. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo para presentar complicaciones tras el cierre de una ileostomía en asa. Método: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los pacientes sometidos a cierre de ileostomía en asa de enero de 2010 a marzo de 2018. Se determinaron los factores de riesgo utilizando regresión multivariable. Resultados: Se incluyeron 136 pacientes. Las indicaciones para cirugía fueron cáncer colorrectal (39.7%), diverticulitis (25.7%), colitis ulcerosa crónica idiopática (CUCI) (8.1%), poliposis adenomatosa familiar (PAF) (7.4%) y otras (19.1%). Se identificaron los siguientes factores de riesgo: incisión en línea media (OR: 6.5) para infección de herida; tratamiento inmunomodulador (OR: 12.5) para fuga de anastomosis; antecedente de PAF (OR: 9.8) para oclusión intestinal; tratamiento inmunomodulador (OR: 10) e incisión en línea media (OR: 18.9) para reintervención; y edad ≥ 65 años (OR: 3.5) para complicaciones médicas. La frecuencia de hernia incisional fue del 11%: < 3 meses para el cierre (OR: 6.4) y hernia parastomal (OR: 13.2). Conclusiones: Numerosos factores relacionados con el paciente y con la técnica quirúrgica deben de ser considerados al momento del cierre de la ileostomía en asa para reducir la morbilidad posoperatoria.

RESUMO Introdução: O objetivo de nosso estudo foi descrever os resultados cirúrgicos do procedimento de Deloyer em nosso centro de referência e comparar os resultados de pacientes com e sem ileostomia de proteção. Métodos: Pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Deloyer de 2013 a 2016 foram incluídos prospectivamente. Foram analisadas as características gerais, as variáveis intraoperatórias, o curso pós-operatório e os desfechos funcionais. Os pacientes foram comparados em dois grupos: Grupo 1) pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Deloyer (PD) sem ileostomia, e grupo 2) procedimento de Deloyer com ileostomia de proteção (IP). Resultados: Foram incluídos 16 pacientes submetidos à transposição isoperistáltica da porção remanescente do cólon direito, dos quais 9 (63%) eram do sexo masculino com idade média de 47 anos (variação de 22-76) anos. A principal indicação cirúrgica foi a restauração do trânsito intestinal (62,5%). Houve maior morbidade maior no grupo IP, mas sem significância estatística (20% vs. 9%, p = 0,92). Nenhum vazamento ou óbito foi relatado. A duração da hospitalização foi de 7 dias. O número médio de evacuações por dia foi 4, aos 18 meses de seguimento. Apenas quatro (25%) pacientes utilizaram irregularmente a loperamida. Conclusões: O procedimento de Deloyer tem resultados satisfatórios e é reprodutível com baixa morbidade. As taxas de morbidades maiores e menores foram semelhantes entre os grupos, sugerindo que os custos e riscos de um segundo procedimento podem ser evitados proporcionando-se uma anastomose primária segura.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The objective of our study was to describe surgical outcomes of Deloyers procedure in our referral center, and to compare the results of patients with and without protective ileostomy. Methods: Patients undergoing a Deloyers procedure from 2013 to 2016 were prospectively included. General characteristics, intraoperative variables, postoperative course, and functional outcomes were analyzed. Patients were compared into two groups: group (1) patients undergoing Deloyers procedure without ileostomy, and group (2) Deloyers procedure with protective ileostomy. Results: Sixteen patients undergoing isoperistaltic transposition of the right colon remnant were included, of which 9 (63%) were males with a median age of 47 (range 22-76) years. The main surgical indication was the restoration of bowel transit (62.5%). There was higher major morbidity rate in the Deloyers procedure with protective ileostomy group, but without statistical significance (20% vs. 9%, p = 0.92). No leaks or deaths were reported. The length of hospital stay was 7 days. The mean number of bowel movements per day was 4 at 18 months of follow up. Only four (25%) patients used irregularly loperamide. Conclusions: The Deloyers procedure has satisfactory results and is reproducible with low morbidity. The major and minor morbidity rates were similar between groups, suggesting that the costs and risks of a second procedure can be avoided by providing a safe primary anastomosis.