ABSTRACT Dogs are considered to be the main domestic reservoir associated with the transmission of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi to humans in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in America. However, little is known about the role of canines as a source of infection in endemic areas of nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the role of dogs as a possible reservoir of the parasite in Southern Honduras. Dogs (n = 107) living with individuals affected by NUCL were clinically examined and biological material was collected for parasitological and immunological diagnosis. Most animals showed a healthy appearance and a few presented slight weight loss (64%), alopecia (7%), onychogryphosis (5%) and skin lesions (1%). The overall seroprevalence of Leishmania infection based on the DDP ® quick test and/or in-house ELISA serological test was 41%. The presence of the parasite’s DNA was confirmed in 94% of the dogs; however, the average parasite load in the buffy coat was low at 6.09 parasites/µL, ranging between 0.221 and 50.2. The skin of seropositive dogs examined by histopathology using paraffin sections stained by hematoxylin and immunohistochemistry did not show cutaneous lesions or parasite amastigotes. Based on the absence of parasites in the skin and the low parasite load detected in the buffy coat, it seems that the dog does not represent a good source of infection for the vector in the endemic area of NUCL transmission in Southern Honduras. Other domestic and/or wild animals should be investigated.

Abstract The Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery has set up a committee to provide new evidence-based recommendations for patient care associated with chronic venous insufficiency. Topics were divided in five groups: 1. Classification, 2. Diagnosis, 3. Conservative or non-invasive treatment, 4. Invasive treatment and 5. Treatment of small vessels. This last series is closely related to the activities of Brazilian angiologists and vascular surgeons, who are heavily involved in the treatment of small superficial veins. These guidelines are intended to assist in clinical decision-making for attending physicians and health managers. The decision to follow a guideline recommendation should be made by the responsible physician on a case-by-case basis taking into account the patient's specific condition, as well as local resources, regulations, laws, and clinical practice recommendations.

Resumo A Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular organizou uma comissão para fornecer novas recomendações baseadas em evidências sobre questões críticas de atendimento ao paciente com insuficiência venosa crônica. São abordados aqui os temas de classificação, diagnóstico, tratamento conservador, tratamento invasivo e tratamento de pequenos vasos. Esta última série está muito relacionada à atividade de angiologistas e cirurgiões vasculares, que possuem forte atuação no tratamento de pequenas veias superficiais. Estas diretrizes destinam-se a auxiliar na tomada de decisões clínicas de médicos assistentes e gestores de saúde. A decisão de seguir uma recomendação de diretriz deve ser feita pelo médico responsável caso a caso, levando em consideração a condição específica do paciente, bem como recursos locais, regulamentos, leis e recomendações de prática clínica.

Resumo Michel Foucault investiga “a história das relações que o pensamento mantém com a verdade” e desnaturaliza corpo, alma e psiqué considerando-os invenções histórico-discursivas, as quais só têm sentido se inseridas em determinados arranjos epistêmicos de produção de verdades, no caso, o surgimento das ciências humanas. Esta pesquisa estuda a ordem do discurso foucaultiano sobre a Psicologia em seu escrito seminal, o livro “Doença Mental e Psicologia”, com o intuito de oferecer subsídios para a compreensão da história dos discursos da Psicologia, no que se refere à edificação do sujeito e do objeto psicológicos e em seus efeitos subjetivadores e contemporâneos, ao questionar tanto a naturalização das condutas consideradas psicologicamente anormais; como também a aplicação dos mesmos princípios da patologia orgânica à patologia mental a qual, aliada ao postulado da naturalização das doenças psicológicas como espécies unitárias, criariam a ilusão de uma unidade real entre as patologia mental e orgânica, por meio da complexa imbricação enunciativa entre mente e organismo. Verificou-se que para Foucault, a patologia de determinada história psicológica e individual não deve ser reduzida aos fenômenos restritos da existência e da percepção personalista do sujeito, o que, inadvertidamente, poderia gerar uma culpabilização do sujeito sobre os sintomas - orgânico-mentais - inerentes à sua própria conduta, de forma a se compreender a emergência do homo psychologicus como sujeito na história cultural e social da humanidade, com especial destaque para a produção histórica das figuras da doença mental.

Abstract Michel Foucault investigates “the history of the relations that the thought keeps with the truth” and disnaturalizes body, soul and psiqué as historical and discursive inventions, which have meaning only if included into the epistemique arrangements productions of truths, in the case, the emergence of modern thought, specially about human sciences, in general. This research studies the Foucault’s order of the speech on Psychology, in his book “Mental Ilness and Psychology”, with the aim of providing allowances for understanding the history of the speeches of Psychology, about the building of psychological subject and object and its subjectivateurs and contemporaries effects, by questioning the naturalization of conducts considered psychologically abnormal; as well as the application of the same principles of organic pathology to mental pathology, which, together with the postulate of the naturalization of psychological diseases as unitary species, would create the illusion of a real unity between mental and organic pathology, through the complex enunciative imbrication between mind and organism. It was found that for Foucault, the pathology of a certain psychological and individual history should not be reduced to the restricted phenomena of the existence and personalistic perception of the subject, which, inadvertently, could generate a blaming of the subject on the symptoms - organic-mental - inherent to his own conduct, in order to understand the emergence of homo psychologicus as a subject in the cultural and social history of humanity, with special emphasis on the historical production of mental illness figures.

Resumen Michel Foucault investiga “la historia de las relaciones que el pensamiento mantiene con la verdad” y desnaturaliza cuerpo, alma y psique considerándolas invenciones histórico-discursivas, que sólo tienen sentido si se insertan en ciertos arreglos epistémicos de producción de la verdad, en este caso, el surgimiento de las ciencias humanas. Esta investigación estudia el orden del discurso foucaultiano sobre la Psicología en su escritura seminal, el libro “Enfermedad Mental y Psicologia”, con el fin de ofrecer subvenciones para la comprensión de la historia de los discursos de la psicología, con respecto a la construcción del sujeto y objeto psicológico y sus efectos subjetivos y contemporáneos, cuestionando tanto la naturalización de conductas consideradas psicológicamente anormales; así como la aplicación de los mismos principios de la patología orgánica a la patología mental, que, junto con el postulado de la naturalización de las enfermedades psicológicas como especies unitarias, crearía la ilusión de una unidad real entre la patología mental y orgánica, a través de la compleja imbricación enunciativa entre mente y organismo. Se comprobó que para Foucault, la patología de una determinada historia psicológica e individual no debe reducirse a los fenómenos restringidos de la existencia y percepción personalista del sujeto, lo que, inadvertidamente, podría generar una culpabilización del sujeto sobre los síntomas - orgánico-mental - inherente a su propia conducta, con el fin de comprender el surgimiento del homo psychologicus como sujeto en la historia cultural y social de la humanidad, con especial énfasis en la producción histórica de figuras de enfermedades mentales.

Resumo Contexto As fraturas de stents implantados na artéria femoral superficial (AFS) são uma complicação reconhecida pós-tratamento endovascular desse território arterial. Objetivos Este estudo objetivou determinar a presença de fraturas nos stents implantados na AFS e identificar fatores predisponentes para essas fraturas, juntamente com o impacto na perviedade desses dispositivos. Métodos Foram incluídos 39 pacientes (65,7±9,0 anos) previamente submetidos à angioplastia para colocação de 56 stents na AFS. Durante o seguimento, que variou de 7 a 46 meses, foram coletadas variáveis referentes às características das lesões tratadas e às características dos stents implantados. Dois examinadores analisaram radiografias digitais para verificar a presença de fraturas de stent e a perviedade dos dispositivos independentemente. Resultados Foi encontrada uma prevalência de 10,7% de fratura nos stents implantados. O implante de múltiplos stents foi identificado como fator predisponente significativo para fraturas. Foi observada uma tendência acentuada de fraturas em pacientes do sexo feminino e em lesões tratadas com stents mais longos (> 150 mm). As estenoses acima de 50% e as oclusões foram significativamente mais frequentes em stents fraturados. Conclusões Este estudo sugere que implantes de múltiplos stents ou de stents com extensão maior que 150 mm estão associados a maiores taxas de fraturas do dispositivo. No caso de fraturas de stents, as estenoses mais significativas que 50% e as oclusões foram consideravelmente mais frequentes.

Abstract Background Fractures in stents implanted in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) are recognized complications of endovascular management of this arterial territory. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of fractures in stents implanted in the SFA and to identify predisposing factors for these fractures together with their impact on the patency of these devices. Methods The study included 39 patients (65.7±9.0 years) who previously underwent angioplasty for delivery of 56 stents into the SFA. During follow-up, which ranged from 7 to 46 months, variables were collected on the characteristics of the lesions treated and characteristics of the stents implanted. Two examiners independently analyzed digital radiographs for the presence of stent fractures and the patency of the devices. Results We found a 10.7% prevalence of fracture of implanted stents. Implantation of multiple stents was identified as a significant predisposing factor for fractures. We observed a marked tendency for fractures in female patients and in lesions treated with longer stents (> 150 mm). Stenosis exceeding 50% and occlusions were significantly more frequent in fractured stents. Conclusions This study suggests that implants longer than 150 mm and multiple stents are associated with higher device fracture rates. In cases with stent fractures, stenoses exceeding 50% and occlusions were significantly more frequent.

ABSTRACT One hypothesized invasion strategy (“try-harder”) predicts that invaders exhibit functional traits that are better adjusted to the environment than native species. Alternatively, the “join-the-locals” hypothesis predicts trait convergence between invasive and native species due to environmental filtering with increasing resource limitation. We hypothesized that invasions strategies shift from “try-harder” to “join-the-locals” with increasing elevation. We used an elevational gradient to detect possible trait convergences between alien invaders and native plant species in Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae. We found a significant trait convergence with elevation only in Asteraceae, suggesting a species-specific pattern, but also an important phenotypic variability of the alien invader. This supports the idea that the more resource-limited the environment, the more it filters out traits substantially diverging from the locally-adapted native community, thereby entailing a shift from “try-harder” to “join-the-locals” strategies. The invasive grass was also more acquisitive but did not exhibit any relation to the native community, supporting the “try-harder” hypothesis. The size of the invasive Fabaceae species decreased with elevation, mirroring the native Fabaceae species, but not the overall native community. Including more replicates and a thorough quantification of environmental conditions, offers a promising avenue for improving the understanding the seemingly idiosyncrasies of invasion pathways.

Abstract Background Skin lesions of patients affected by non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi are characterized by lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate associated with epithelioid granuloma and scarce parasitism. However, the in situ cellular immune response of these patients is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize the cellular immune response in the skin lesions of patients affected by NUCL. Methods Twenty biopsies were processed by immunohistochemistry using primary antibodies to T lymphocytes (CD4, CD8), NK cells, B lymphocytes, macrophages, nitric oxide synthase and interferon-gamma. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed higher expression of all cellular types and molecules (IFN-γ, iNOS) in the dermis of diseased skin compared to the skin of healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Morphometric analysis performed in the skin lesions sections showed the predominance of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the mononuclear infiltrate, followed by macrophages, mostly iNOS+, a response that could be mediated by IFN-γ. Conclusion Our study improves knowledge of the cellular immune response in non-ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi in Central America and pointed to the pivotal participation of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the host defense mechanisms against the parasite in patients with NUCL.

O artigo comemora os dez anos do sítio de perguntas e respostas desenvolvido junto ao Centro de Referência para o Ensino da Física (CREF) do IF-UFRGS. São questões e dúvidas, a maioria intrigante e algumas de natureza complexa, cujas respostas dificilmente são encontradas na literatura de física. A descrição, evolução, abrangência e impacto do sítio junto à comunidade lusófona de professores e alunos são abordadas. Apresentam-se também as dez questões mais acessadas do sítio e, como exemplos, seis postagens completas.

The article celebrates the ten years of the question-and-answer website developed at the Reference Center for Teaching Physics (CREF) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. These are questions and doubts, most intriguing and some of a complex nature, whose answers are hardly found in the physics literature. The description, evolution, scope and impact of the site with the Portuguese-speaking community of teachers and students are discussed. Also presented are the ten most accessed questions on the site and, as examples, six complete posts.

Abstract Seven isolates from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon region of Brazil were phenotypically suggestive of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis/L. (V.) shawi hybrids. In this work, two molecular targets were employed to check the hybrid identity of the putative hybrids. Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene sequences were analyzed by three different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches, and two different patterns of inherited hsp70 alleles were found. Three isolates presented heterozygous L. (V.) guyanensis/L. (V.) shawi patterns, and four presented homozygous hsp70 patterns involving only L. (V.) shawi alleles. The amplicon sequences confirmed the RFLP patterns. The high-resolution melting method detected variant heterozygous and homozygous profiles. Single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping/cleaved amplified polymorphic site analysis suggested a higher contribution from L. (V.) guyanensis in hsp70 heterozygous hybrids. Additionally, PCR-RFLP analysis targeting the enzyme mannose phosphate isomerase (mpi) gene indicated heterozygous and homozygous cleavage patterns for L. (V.) shawi and L. (V.) guyanensis, corroborating the hsp70 findings. In this communication, we present molecular findings based on partial informative regions of the coding sequences of hsp70 and mpi as markers confirming that some of the parasite strains from the Brazilian Amazon region are indeed hybrids between L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) shawi.

RESUMO Em artigo recente publicado na Novos Estudos Cebrap, Arminio Fraga sustenta que o Estado brasileiro, além de oneroso e ineficiente, atua no sentido de aprofundar a desigualdade. Diante disso, o economista propõe um conjunto de reformas visando à drástica redução da máquina pública. Nosso artigo procura, com base em argumentos teóricos e empíricos e em extensa literatura, refutar essa avaliação e apontar os riscos para as políticas econômicas e sociais trazidos pela agenda de reformas por ele sugerida.

ABSTRACT In a recent paper published in Novos Estudos Cebrap, Arminio Fraga maintains that the Brazilian State, in addition to being costly and inefficient, acts to deepen inequality. The economist proposes a set of reforms seeking its drastic reduction. Our article aims to refute this assessment, based on theoretical and empirical arguments and extensive literature, and to point out the risks to economic and social policies brought about by the suggested reform agenda.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os efeitos das alianças inconscientes na restrição à extensão da psicanálise no que se refere à construção do conhecimento psicanalítico sobre os grupos. Cinquenta e cinco textos publicados na Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise RBP, entre 1967 e 1976, foram analisados a partir do referencial teórico-metodológico proposto por René Kaës. Numa breve reconstrução histórica, operou-se com o conceito de alianças inconscientes com o propósito de investigar as bases narcísicas presentes desde as origens da psicanálise; que restringiram a capacidade de pensar o grupo no campo da psicanálise. Benefícios narcísicos foram extraídos destas resistências que ainda hoje dificultam a extensão da psicanálise no que diz respeito à inclusão do grupo como objeto teórico.

Abstract: Contributions of René Kaës to the epistemology of psychoanalysis. The objective of this article is to discuss the effects of the unconscious alliances on extension of psychoanalysis. 55 texts published in the Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise between 1967 and 1976 were analyzed under the theoretical framework of René Kaës. A brief historical reconstruction with the concept of unconscious alliances in order to investigate the narcissistic bases present since the origins of psychoanalysis; that restricted the capacity to think in the group in the field of psychoanalysis. Narcissistic benefits were extracted of this resistance, that still today difficult the extension of the psychoanalysis for the inclusion of the group as a theoretical object.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: In the Belém Metropolitan Region (BMR), Pará State, Brazil, American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is endemic; however, very little is known regarding its causative agents. Therefore, we used our standard diagnostic approach combined with an RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RNAPOIILS)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to identify Leishmania spp. ACL agents in this region. METHODS: Thirty-two Leishmania spp. isolates from patients with ACL in the BMR during 1995-2018 were analyzed. Leishmania spp. DNA samples were amplified using the primers RPOR2/RPOF2, and the 615-bp PCR products were subjected to enzymatic digestion using TspRI and HgaI endonucleases. RESULTS: ACL etiological agents in the BMR comprised Leishmania (Viannia) lindenbergi (43.7%) followed by Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni (34.4%), Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (12.5%), and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (9.4%). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, the results of the study revealed for the first time that L. (V.) lindenbergi and L. (V.) lainsoni are the main ACL agents in BMR.

ABSTRACT Soil microbiota is an important component of the forest biomes, playing important roles in the soil aggregation and cycling of nutrients. Among the soil microorganisms stand out the yeasts, which are unicellular fungi involved in important soil ecological processes. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the main biodiversity hotspots in the world, and the effect of altitudinal gradient on the distribution patterns of yeast species across this ecosystem has not yet been addressed. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of yeast species in soils along an altitude gradient (404; 1,016; 1,658; and 2,124 m above the sea level) of Serra dos Órgãos National Park located at Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Yeast species were described using a culture-based method. Species identification was performed using the fungal barcode locus, the D1/D2 region of 26S rRNA, and the gene genealogy was used to access the intraspecific distribution of strains along the altitudinal gradient. We isolated and identified a total of 76 yeasts including ten species belonging to eight genera. Basidiomycetes predominated over ascomycetes. Saitozyma podzolica and Meyerozyma guilliermondii were isolated at all altitudes. The principal component analysis showed that 88 % of sample distribution is explained by soil properties. For S. podzolica, the genetic genealogy suggested that intraspecific distribution is likely related to similar altitudes. Overall, the species composition and soil properties were modified as altitude was increasing, being more heterogeneous and richness in high altitudes.

Despite some phlebotomines being well recognised as vectors of leishmaniasis agents, vector importance of those belonging to the genus Trichophoromyia has not been extensively studied. The present study provides evidence regarding the putative vector role played by some species of Trichophoromyia on leishmanine enzootics, based on literature reports and findings obtained from field experiments conducted in the ecotopes of Pará State, Brazil. The species Th. ubiquitalis, Th. velascoi, Th. auraensis, Th. ininii and Th. brachipyga possess minimal criteria to be included in the list of suspected leishmanine vectors. However, knowledge on man-biting behavior, substantiation of vector competence and determination of epidemiological implications are limited for all of the above mentioned species. Published studies together with present data draw attention to prioritize these phlebotomine species in entomological surveillance programs and studies on experimental susceptibility to Leishmania spp. infection.

Resumo Neste trabalho realizamos, inicialmente, uma discussão teórica sobre as forças no sistema de referência acelerado de um pêndulo que oscila livre de resistência. Tal discussão propicia a afirmação de que, se um acelerômetro for fixado no centro de oscilação de um pêndulo, ele deverá registrar um valor variável sobre o eixo orientado radialmente e um valor nulo no eixo alinhado tangencialmente ao movimento do pêndulo. Para ilustrarmos aplicações dessa afirmação em duas situações de simples verificação, apresentamos duas questões instigantes: a) o que acontecerá com a bolha de ar de um nível de pedreiro, se posicionarmos o nível na direção tangencial enquanto nos embalamos em um balanço de uma praça?; b) se colocarmos para oscilar em um balanço uma pequena esfera, ela irá ficar em repouso em relação balanço? As respostas contraintuitivas às duas questões são de que tanto a bolha no nível de pedreiro quanto a esfera permanecem em repouso em relação ao balanço se posicionadas em seu centro de oscilação. Com o intuito de elucidarmos essas duas questões, concebemos um aparato experimental composto por um pêndulo físico, no qual anexamos uma placa microcontrolada Arduino, um sensor acelerômetro e um módulo Bluetooth.

Abstract In this work we initially lead a theoretical discussion about the forces acting on a physical pendulum oscillating without friction in an accelerated reference system. Such discussion allows us the statement that if an accelerometer is fixed on the center of oscillation of the pendulum, it will register an oscillating value in the radial axis and a null value in the tangential axis. To illustrate this proposition, we will present two simple situation for verification and then we inquire two instigating questions: a)What will happen to the air bubble of a mason level, if we position the same in the tangential direction while we cradle in a swing of a square? b) If we put a small sphere on oscillating swing, will the sphere be in rest during the oscillation? The answers for this counter intuitive questions are that both, the air bubble and small sphere, will stay in rest in relation to the swing if they are positioned on the center of oscillation of the pendulum. In order to elucidate the above questions, we designed an experimental apparatus composed of a physical pendulum, in which we attached an Arduino microcontroller board, an accelerometer sensor and a Bluetooth module.