Abstract The best therapeutic strategy for chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is still controversial. The lack of contemporaneity of medical treatment in many randomized clinical trials prior to the large-scale use of statins, antiplatelet agents, anti-diabetic drugs with cardiovascular protection, and changes in life habits with well-established goals limits the applicability of such studies in current clinical practice. Medical treatment is the only therapeutic option capable of reducing atherosclerotic damage and, therefore, of acting effectively in preventing the progression of this disease. The purpose of this brief review is to critically analyze the main contemporary studies that confront medical treatment with myocardial revascularization in CCS. CCS (CCS controversial largescale large scale statins agents antidiabetic anti diabetic protection wellestablished well established practice therefore disease

Abstract The best therapeutic strategy for chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is still controversial. The lack of contemporaneity of medical treatment in many randomized clinical trials prior to the large-scale use of statins, antiplatelet agents, anti-diabetic drugs with cardiovascular protection, and changes in life habits with well-established goals limits the applicability of such studies in current clinical practice. Medical treatment is the only therapeutic option capable of reducing atherosclerotic damage and, therefore, of acting effectively in preventing the progression of this disease. The purpose of this brief review is to critically analyze the main contemporary studies that confront medical treatment with myocardial revascularization in CCS.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRVM) isolada com circulação extracorpórea em pacientes com idade > 70 anos em comparação àqueles com < 70 anos. MÉTODOS: Pacientes submetidos consecutivamente à CRVM isolada. Os pacientes foram agrupados em G1 (idade e" 70 anos) e G2 (idade < 70 anos). Os desfechos analisados foram letalidade hospitalar, infarto agudo miocárdio (IAM), acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), reoperação para revisão de hemostasia (RRH), necessidade de balão intra-aórtico (BIA), complicações respiratórias, insuficiência renal aguda (IRA), mediastinite, sepse, fibrilação atrial (FA) e bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT). RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 1033 pacientes, 257 (24,8%) do G1 e 776 (75,2%) do G2. A letalidade hospitalar foi significantemente maior no G1 quando comparado ao G2 (8,9% vs. 3,6%, P=0,001), enquanto a incidência de IAM foi semelhante (5,8% vs. 5,5%; P=0,87). Maior número de pacientes do G1 necessitou de RRH (12,1% vs. 6,1%; P=0,003). Da mesma forma, no G1 houve maior incidência de complicações respiratórias (21,4% vs. 9,1%; P<0,001), mediastinite (5,1% vs. 1,9%; P=0,013), AVE (3,9% vs. 1,3%; P=0,016), IRA (7,8% vs. 1,3%, P<0,001), sepse (3,9% vs. 1,9%; P=0,003), fibrilação atrial (15,6% vs. 9,8%; P=0,016) e BAVT (3,5% vs. 1,2%; P=0,023) do que o G2. Não houve diferença significante na necessidade de BIA. Na análise regressão logística multivariada "forward stepwise", a idade >70 anos foi fator preditivo independente para maior letalidade operatória (P=0,004) e para RRH (P=0,002), sepse (P=0,002), complicações respiratórias (P<0,001), mediastinite (P=0,016), AVE (P=0,029), IRA (P<0,001), FA (P=0,021) e BAVT (P=0,031) no pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que pacientes com idade > 70 anos estão sob maior risco de morte e outras complicações no pós-operatório de CRVM em comparação aos pacientes mais jovens.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in patients >70 years-old in comparison to patients <70 years-old. METHODS: Patients undergoing isolated CABG were selected for the study. The patients were grouped in G1 (age > 70 years-old) and G2 (age <70 years-old). The endpoints were in-hospital mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, reexploration for bleeding, intra-aortic balloon for circulatory shock, respiratory complications, acute renal failure, mediastinitis, sepsis, atrial fibrillation, and complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). RESULTS: 1,033 patients were included, 257 (24.8%) in G1 and 776 (75.2%) in G2. Patients in G1 were more likely to have in-hospital mortality than G2 (8.9% vs. 3.6%, respectively; P=0.001), while the incidence of AMI was similar (5.8% vs. 5.5%; P=0.87) than G2. More patients in G1 had re-exploration for bleeding (12.1% vs. 6.1%; P=0.003). G1 had more incidence of respiratory complications (21.4% vs. 9.1%; P<0.001), mediastinitis (5.1% vs. 1.9%; P=0.013), stroke (3.9% vs. 1.3%; P=0.016), acute renal failure (7.8% vs. 1.3%; P<0.001), sepsis (3.9% vs. 1.9%;P=0.003), atrial fibrillation (15.6% vs. 9.8%; P=0.016), and CAVB (3.5% vs. 1.2%; P=0.023) than G2. There was no significant difference in the use of intra-aortic balloon. In the forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis age > 70-year-old was an independent predictive factor for higher in-hospital mortality (P=0.004), reexploration for bleeding (P=0.002), sepsis (P=0.002), respiratory complications (P<0.001), mediastinitis (P=0.016), stroke (P=0.029), acute renal failure (P<0.001), atrial fibrillation (P=0.021) and CAVB (P=0.031). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patients > 70 years-old were at increased risk of death and other complications in the CABG's postoperative period in comparison to younger patients.

FUNDAMENTO: A oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) em recém-nascidos e crianças tem resultados excelentes. A experiência em adultos é mais modesta e os resultados imediatos são inferiores. Entretanto, a sobrevida em cinco anos de pacientes que sobrevivem a esse método é bastante promissora. Não há relato na literatura brasileira de experiências com esse sistema nesse contexto. OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência com o uso da oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea no adulto que se apresenta em choque cardiogênico agudo e refratário. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de prontuários médicos de pacientes submetidos a implante do sistema de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea para a assistência circulatória no choque cardiogênico agudo e refratário. RESULTADOS: Onze pacientes (63,5 anos; 45,5% homens) foram considerados para análise no período de 2005 a 2007. O tempo médio de suporte circulatório foi de 77 horas (10-240h) e cinco pacientes estavam vivos em 30 dias (45,5%). Dois pacientes foram subseqüentemente submetidos a implante de assistência circulatória prolongada após um período de ressuscitação em ECMO, um dos quais foi submetido ao transplante cardíaco. As causas de morte durante a assistência com ECMO (seis pacientes) incluíram falência multiorgânica (66,6%) ou sangramento refratário (33,4%). CONCLUSÃO: O sistema ECMO é uma opção de assistência circulatória temporária para pacientes adultos com falência cardíaca aguda refratária, podendo ser utilizado como ponte para a recuperação ou com o intuito de selecionar candidatos à assistência circulatória prolongada (ponte para a ponte).

BACKGROUND: The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used in the neonatal and childhood periods with excellent results. The adult experience has been modest with inferior immediate results. The intermediate survival, however, has been promising. We have been using the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for temporary mechanical circulatory support of adults that present with acute refractory cardiogenic shock in our institution. There is no other published experience of the use of this system in this scenario in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience with the use of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for circulatory support in adults. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the medical files of patients submitted to the implant of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system for circulatory assistance in acute and refractory cardiogenic shock. RESULTS: Eleven patients (63,5yo; 45,5%male) were considered for analysis from 2005 to 2007. Median support time was 77 hours (10-240h) and 5 patients have survived 30 days (45,5%). Two patients were subsequently submitted to prolonged paracorporeal circulatory assistance. Mortality on ECMO (6 patients) was due to multiple organ failure (66,6%) and refractory bleeding (33,4%). CONCLUSION: ECMO system is an option to be used in acute refractory cardiogenic shock as a bridge to recovery or selecting patients that might benefit from prolonged paracorporeal assist devices (bridge to bridge).

OBJETIVO: Determinar o valor prognóstico da cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica (CPM) de estresse quando aplicada aos pacientes com suspeita de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, onde pacientes internados na unidade de dor torácica (UDT), de dezembro de 2002 a abril de 2004, com suspeita de SCA, depois de afastado infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) ou de angina instável de alto risco, realizaram CPM sob estresse. RESULTADOS: Selecionados 301 pacientes, idade média 65,3±12,5 anos e 164 (54,5%) homens. O exame foi iniciado em média 13±12 horas após a internação. Encontrou-se isquemia miocárdica (ISQ) em 142 pacientes (47,2%). O sexo masculino (n=94, p=<0,0001), história de diabete melito (n=31, p=0,033), IAM (n=52, p=<0,0001), de revascularização miocárdica cirúrgica (n=46, p=<0,0001) e de angioplastia coronariana transluminal percutânea (n=68, p=<0,0001) apresentaram correlação com a presença de ISQ (n=73, p<0,001). O seguimento foi de 697,7±326,6 dias. Nenhuma variável cintilográfica se correlacionou com a ocorrência de desfecho primário (óbito ou IAM). A presença de cintilografia alterada (n=76, p<0,0001), de ISQ (n=73, p<0,0001) e a fração de ejeção após estresse abaixo de 45% (n=21, p=0,006) se correlacionaram com ocorrência de desfecho secundário (todos os eventos). A presença de ISQ foi a variável de maior peso pela análise multivariada para predizer desfecho secundário (Risco Relativo = 6,5; IC 95% = 1,61 a 26,83; p=0,009). CONCLUSÃO: A presença de ISQ foi o fator independente de maior peso para predizer eventos adversos em pacientes internados na UDT.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) applied to patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: Retrospective study. Patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) admitted into the chest pain unit (CPU) from December 2002 to April 2004, after exclusion of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and high risk unstable angina they underwent stress MPS. RESULTS: Selected 301 patients, 65.3 ± 12.5 years and 164 (54.5%) male gender. The test was performed 13 ± 12 hours after admission. Myocardial ischemia (ISQ) was found in 142 patients (47.2%). Male gender (n=94, p=<0.0001), history of diabetes mellitus (n=31, p=0.033), past of AMI (n=52, p=<0.0001), past of surgical myocardial revascularization (n=46, p=<0.0001) and past of percutaneous revascularization (n=68, p=<0.0001) presented correlation with ISQ. The follow-up was 697.7 ± 326.6 days. No MPS variable correlated with the occurrence of primary outcome. Abnormal scintigraphy (n=76, p < 0.0001), ISQ (n=73, p < 0.0001) and post-stress left ventricular ejection fraction below 45% (n=21, p=0.006) correlated with secondary outcome. The presence of ISQ was the major variable in the multivariate analysis for the prediction of secondary outcome (RR = 6.5; CI 95% = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Presence of ISQ was the major independent factor in prediction of adverse events for patients admitted into the CPU.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é verificar o valor de previsão da angina de peito no diagnóstico da DAC em pacientes portadores de EA, a partir da quinta década de vida. MÉTODOS: A população estudada foi constituída por 186 pacientes consecutivos com EA e idade e" 50 anos, referidos para cirurgia de troca valvar aórtica entre junho de 1989 e setembro de 2004. Cinecoronariografia de rotina foi realizada em todos os pacientes. Cento e um eram homens (54,3%) e 85, mulheres (45,7%), com idade de 66±8 anos. Angina estava presente em 124 pacientes (66,7%). O gradiente máximo transvalvar aórtico foi de 89,4±27,6 mmHg e a área valvar aórtica de 0,59±0,17 cm2. Calculamos a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o valor de previsão positivo e negativo e a razão de verossimilhança positiva da angina na predição da presença de DAC. RESULTADOS: DAC estava presente em 93 pacientes (50%). Dos 124 pacientes com angina, 68 (54,8%) apresentavam DAC; enquanto dos 62 sem angina, 25 apresentavam DAC (40,3%). Portanto, a sensibilidade da angina para DAC foi de 73,1%, a especificidade de 39,7%, valor preditivo positivo de 54,8%, valor preditivo negativo de 59,6% e razão de verossimilhança positiva de 1,6. CONCLUSÃO: A angina de peito não é bom preditor da presença de DAC em pacientes com EA a partir da quinta década de vida.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the value of angina pectoris as a predictor of CAD (coronary artery disease) in patients with AS (aortic stenosis) during and beyond the 5th decade of life. METHODS: The study population consisted of 186 consecutive patients with AS and e" 50 years of age, referred for surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) between June 1989 and September 2004. Routine coronary angiography was performed for all patients. One hundred and one patients were males (54.3%) and 85 were females (45.7%), and the mean age was 66±8 years. One hundred and twenty-four patients (66.7%) had angina. The maximum transvalve gradient was 89.4±27.6 mmHg, and the aortic valve area measured 0.59±0.17 cm2. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, as well as the likelihood ratio of a positive test result for angina in predicting the presence of CAD. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients (50%) had CAD. Of the 124 patients with angina, 68 (54.8%) had CAD, whereas of the 62 patients without angina, 25 had CAD (40.3%) (p=0.087). Therefore, the diagnostic sensitivity of angina to detect CAD was 73.1%, specificity was 39.7%, positive predictive value was 54.8%, negative predictive value was 59.6%, and the likelihood ratio of a positive test result was 1.6. CONCLUSION: Angina pectoris is not a good predictor of CAD in patients with AS who are more than 50 years of age.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relativa eficácia de estratégias terapêuticas em pacientes com doença coronariana multiarterial sintomática, com função ventricular preservada. Os objetivos primários foram definidos com a combinação de: morte por origem cardíaca, infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) ou angina refratária que necessitasse de revascularização e, os secundários, estado anginoso e isquemia esforço-induzida. MÉTODOS: De 20.769 pacientes avaliados por cineangiocoronariografia no InCor, 210 foram escolhidos para o estudo e randomizados para revascularização miocárdica (RCM) (n=105) e angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC) (n=105). RESULTADOS: Média de 3,2±0,8 vasos receberam anastomoses e 2,1±0,8 foram dilatados com sucesso nos grupos RCM e ATC, respectivamente. Em cinco anos de seguimento as respectivas taxas de eventos para RCM e ATC foram: 9,52% e 12,38% para mortalidade, 2,85% e 8,57% (p=0,0668) para IAM, 2,85% e 24,76% (p< 0,001) para uma intervenção adicional; a taxa de sobrevivência de 88,39% para RCM e de 84,93% para ATC; os respectivos porcentuais livres de IAM, 84,40 e 77,40%. Os pacientes estavam livres de angina em 62% do RCM e 60% do grupo ATC e os testes de esforço foram considerados não-isquêmicos em 62,5% e 62,1%, nos grupos cirúrgico e angioplastia. CONCLUSÃO: Comparada com a angioplastia para pacientes multivasculares, a revascularização miocárdica foi associada a uma baixa incidência de eventos a longo prazo e reduzida necessidade de novas intervenções (p=0,001).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relative efficacy of different therapeutic strategies in patients with symptomatic multivessel coronary artery disease with preserved ventricular function. The primary objectives were defined as a combination of death of cardiac origin, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and refractory angina that required revascularization, and the secondary objectives were defined as anginal state and exercise-induced ischemia. METHODS: Of the 20,769 patients assessed on cine coronary angiography at InCor, 210 were chosen for this study and were randomized either for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG, n=105) or transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA, n=105). RESULTS: A mean of 3.2±0.8 vessels received anastomoses and 2.1±0.8 were successfully dilated in the CABG and TCA groups, respectively. In a 5-year follow-up, the rates of events in the CABG and TCA groups were, respectively: mortality, 9.52% and 12.38%; acute myocardial infarction, 2.85% and 8.57% (P = 0.0668); and additional intervention, 2.85% and 24.76% (P < 0.001). The survival rate was 88.39% for CABG and 84.93% for TCA; the respective AMI-free percentages were 84.40% and 77.40%. In the CABG and TCA groups, 62% and 60% of the patients had no angina, respectively. The exercise tests were considered nonischemic in 62.5% and 62.1% of the patients in the CABG and TCA groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: In multivessel patients, compared with angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting was associated with a lower incidence of long-term events and a reduced need for new interventions (P=0.001).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the occurrence of cardiac events in patients diagnosed with left main coronary artery disease on diagnostic cardiac catheterization and waiting for myocardial revascularization surgery. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with left main coronary artery disease (stenosis > or = 50%) consecutively identified on diagnostic cardiac catheterization during an 8-month period were selected for the study. The group comprised 56 patients (40 males and 16 females) with a mean age of 61±10 years. The cardiac events included death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, acute left ventricular failure, unstable angina, and emergency surgery. RESULTS: While waiting for surgery, patients experienced the following cardiac events: 7 acute myocardial infarctions and 1 death. All events occurred within the first 60 days after the diagnostic cardiac catheterization. More patients, whose indication for diagnostic cardiac catheterization was unstable angina, experienced events as compared with those with other indications [p=0.03, relative risk (RR) = 5.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.47 - 18.7]. In the multivariate analysis of logistic regression, unstable angina was also the only factor that independently contributed to a greater number of events (p = 0.02, OR = 8.43, 95% CI =1.37 - 51.7). CONCLUSION: Unstable angina in patients with left main coronary artery disease acts as a high risk factor for cardiac events, emergency surgery being recommended in these cases.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se os diâmetros sistólicos finais do ventrículo esquerdo (DS) <FONT FACE=Symbol>³</font> 51mm em pacientes (pt) com insuficiência mitral crônica grave (IM) são indicadores de mau prognóstico após a cirurgia valvar mitral (CVM). MÉTODOS: Estudamos os dados clínicos e ecodopplercardiográficos pré-operatórios (pré), mediana de 36 dias, pós-operatórios precoces (pós1), mediana de 9 dias, e pós-operatórios tardios (pós2), média de 38,5±37,6 meses, em 11 pt (idade = 36±13 anos) com IM e DS >=51mm (média = 57±4mm) submetidos à CVM. Dez pt estavam em classe funcional III/IV da NYHA. RESULTADOS: Todos melhoraram de classe funcional, exceto 2. Dois faleceram devido à insuficiência cardíaca e endocardite infecciosa, 14 e 11 meses após a cirurgia, respectivamente. De acordo com a fração de ejeção (FE) no pós2 constatou-se existir 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=6), cuja FE diminuiu no pós1, mas aumentou no pós2 (p=0,01) e grupo 2 (n=5), cuja FE diminuiu progressivamente do pós1 para o pós2 (p=0,10). Todos os pacientes com duração dos sintomas <=48 meses experimentaram melhora na FE no pós2 (p=0.01). CONCLUSÃO: DS >=51mm não estão sempre associados a prognóstico ruim após a CVM em pt com IM. A duração dos sintomas até 48 meses está associada à melhora da função ventricular esquerda.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether left ventricular end-systolic (ESD) diameters <FONT FACE=Symbol>£</FONT> 51mm in patients (pt) with severe chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) are predictors of a poor prognosis after mitral valve surgery (MVS). METHODS: Eleven pt (aged 36±13 years) were studied in the preoperative period (pre), median of 36 days; in the early postoperative period (post1), median of 9 days; and in the late postoperative period (post2), mean of 38.5±37.6 months. Clinical and echocardiographic data were gathered from each pt with MR and systolic diameter <FONT FACE=Symbol>³</FONT>51mm (mean = 57±4mm) to evaluate the result of MVS. Ten patients were in NYHA Class III/IV. RESULTS: All but 2 pt improved in functional class. Two pt died from heart failure and infectious endocarditis 14 and 11 months, respectively, after valve replacement. According to ejection fraction (EF) in post2, we identified 2 groups: group 1 (n=6), whose EF decreased in post1, but increased in post2 (p=0.01) and group 2 (n=5), whose EF decreased progressively from post1 to post2 (p=0.10). All pt with symptoms lasting <FONT FACE=Symbol>£</FONT> 48 months had improvement in EF in post2 (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: ESD <FONT FACE=Symbol>³</FONT>51mm are not always associated with a poor prognosis after MVS in patients with MR. Symptoms lasting up to 48 months are associated with improvement in left ventricular function.

OBJECTIVE: To verify if adaptive left ventricle (LV) characteristics are also present in individuals under 70 years of age with severe aortic stenosis (AS). METHODS: The study comprised 40 consecutive patients under 70 years of age with AS and no associated coronary artery disease, referred for valve surgery. Out of the 40 patients, 22 were men and 18 women, and the mean age was 49.8±14.3 years. Cardiac symptoms, presence of systemic hypertension (SH), functional class according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA), and valve lesion etiology were considered. LV cavity dimensions, ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), mass (MS), and relative diastolic thickness (RDT) were examined by Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: Fourteen (63.6%) men and 11 (61.6%) women were classified as NYHA class III/IV (p=0.70). There was no difference in the frequency of angina, syncope or dyspnea between genders. The incidence of SH was greater in women than in men (10 versus 2, p=0.0044). Women had a smaller LV end-diastolic diameter index (32.1±6.5 x 36.5±5.3mm/m², p=0.027), LV end-systolic diameter index (19.9±5.9 x 26.5±6.4mm/m², p=0.0022) and LV mass index (MS) (211.4±71.1 x 270.9±74.9g/m², p=0.017) when compared with men. EF (66.2±13.4 x 52.0±14.6%, p=0.0032), FS (37.6±10.7 x 27.9±9.6%, p=0.0046) and RDT (0.58±0.22 x 0.44±0.09, p=0.0095) were significantly greater in women than in men. CONCLUSION: It is the patient gender rather than age that influences left ventricular adaptive response to AS.