ABSTRACT: This study checked the severity and incubation period of isolates of Coryneporacassiicola (C.c) in soybean cultivars, as well verified whether the position of leaflets influences the susceptibility of the plant to target spot. The experiment was conducted in randomized block with 8 isolates of C.c and 8 soybean cultivars factorial scheme, with five repetitions each block. The plants were inoculated with suspension from 2x104 conidia mL-1. The number of lesions per leaf and the incubation period (IP) were evaluated. The ISO 4S isolate caused greater number of lesions in plants. BMX Potência RR, BMX Força RR, and NA 5909 RG had the lowest occurrence of lesions, while the cultivar BMX Elite IPRO showed the highest number of lesions. More lesions were detected in the lower leaf compared to the upper leaf of the plants. The longest IP was observed for ISO 4S in both leaflets, while the lowest IP for ISO 1A, 3A and 2A in the lower leaf, and for ISO 11S and 1S in the median leaf. For cultivars, significant difference in IP was observed only in the lower leaf, with the longest and shortest IP detected for BMX Elite IPRO and BRS 284, respectively. In general, the upper leaf of the plants presented the shortest IP while the lower leaf had the longest IP.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o número de lesões e período de incubação de isolados de Corynespora cassiicola (C.c) em cultivares de soja, bem como verificar a influência da posição dos trifólios quanto a suscetibilidade a mancha alvo. O delineamento experimental foi de bloco causalizado em arranjo fatorial, oito isolados de C.c e oito cultivares de soja, com cinco repetições em cada bloco. As plantas foram inoculadas com suspensão de 2x104 conídio mL-1. Foram avaliados o número de lesões por folha e o período de incubação (IP). O isolado ISO 4S proporcionou maior número de lesões nas plantas. BMX Potência RR, BMX Força RR e NA 5909 RG apresentaram a menor ocorrência de lesões, enquanto a cultivar BMX Elite IPRO apresentou o maior número de lesões. Maior quantidade de lesões foram detectadas no trifólio inferior em comparação com o trifólio superior das plantas. O IP mais longo foi observado para ISO 4S em ambos os trifólios, enquanto o IP mais curto para ISO 1A, 3A e 2A no trifólio inferior, e para ISO 11S e 1S, trifólio mediano. Para as cultivares, observou-se diferença significativa no IP apenas no trifólio inferior, sendo o maior e menor IP constatados para BMX Elite IPRO e BRS 284, respectivamente. De modo geral, o trifólio superior das plantas demostrou o menor IP, enquanto o trifólio inferior o maior IP.

ABSTRACT Regression analysis is highly relevant to agricultural sciences since many of the factors studied are quantitative. Researchers have generally used polynomial models to explain their experimental results, mainly because much of the existing software perform this analysis and a lack of knowledge of other models. On the other hand, many of the natural phenomena do not present such behavior; nevertheless, the use of non-linear models is costly and requires advanced knowledge of language programming such as R. Thus, this work presents several regression models found in scientific studies, implementing them in the form of an R package called AgroReg. The package comprises 44 analysis functions with 66 regression models such as polynomial, non-parametric (loess), segmented, logistic, exponential, and logarithmic, among others. The functions provide the coefficient of determination (R2), model coefficients and the respective p-values from the t-test, root mean square error (RMSE), Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), maximum and minimum predicted values, and the regression plot. Furthermore, other measures of model quality and graphical analysis of residuals are also included. The package can be downloaded from the CRAN repository using the command: install.packages(“AgroReg”). AgroReg is a promising analysis tool in agricultural research on account of its user-friendly and straightforward functions that allow for fast and efficient data processing with greater reliability and relevant information.

Abstract The planting of new types of table citrus is an interesting alternative for citrus growers in the state of Paraná, as this domestic market continues to grow and needs innovation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acceptance and storage of a new hybrid for the region of Londrina / PR, Fremont IAC 543 mandarin (Citrus clementina hort. ex Tan x C. reticulataBlanco). Treatments were: storage of fruits with and without wax coating at room temperature [21 ± 2 °C and relative humidity (RH) = 60 ± 5%] for up to 36 days. Sensory (acceptance test and purchase intention) and physicochemical analyses [weight, juice yield, acidity, soluble solids and soluble solids/titratable acidity (ratio)] were performed before and after storage. Physicochemical data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression, while sensory analysis results were explored through descriptive statistics and principal components analysis using the R statistical software. It could be concluded that Fremont IAC 543 mandarin can be stored with wax coating and at room temperature without losing its quality characteristics for a period of up to 18 days.

Resumo O plantio de novos tipos de citros de mesa é uma alternativa interessante para os citricultores do Estado do Paraná, pois esse mercado interno continua em crescimento e necessita de inovação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aceitação e o armazenamento de um novo híbrido para a região de Londrina-PR, a tangerina Fremont IAC 543 (Citrus clementina hort. ex Tan x C.reticulata Blanco). Os tratamentos foram: armazenamento dos frutos com e sem revestimento de cera em temperatura ambiente [21 ± 2 °C e umidade relativa (UR) = 60 ± 5%] por até 36 dias. Análises sensoriais (teste de aceitação e intenção de compra) e físico-químicas [peso, rendimento do suco, acidez, sólidos solúveis e sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (relação)] foram realizadas antes e após o armazenamento. Os dados físico-químicos foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão, enquanto os resultadosda análise sensorial foram explorados por meio de estatística descritiva e da análise decomponentes principais utilizando o software estatístico R. Pôde-se concluir que atangerina Fremont IAC 543 pode ser armazenada com revestimento de cera e em temperatura ambiente semperder suas características de qualidade por um período de até 18 dias.

RESUMO A aroeira-do-sertão é uma espécie nativa do Brasil que está sendo explorada de forma predatória. Como a população desta espécie vem sendo reduzida, técnicas de preservação são fundamentais, como a conservação em nitrogênio líquido (NL). Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes soluções crioprotetoras na criopreservação em NL (-196 °C) de sementes de aroeira-do-sertão. Os tratamentos foram: controle (7,5±1,5 ° C); NL sem crioprotetor; sacarose 0,4 mol L-1; sacarose 0,8 mol L-1; glicerol 1 mol L-1; glicerol 2 mol L-1; PVS1 (solução de vitrificação de plantas); PVS2; PVS2 + 1% floroglucinol e PVS3. As sementes permaneceram congeladas por 120 dias. Antes da criopreservação, as sementes foram caracterizadas quanto à germinação e teor de água. Ao sétimo dia avaliaram-se diversos parâmetros de germinação e após 150 dias de cultivo, variáveis de crescimento das plantas. As sementes apresentaram 9,2% de teor de água e 74% de germinação antes da criopreservação. No controle, a germinação foi de 55%, enquanto na criopreservação, variou de 61 a 69%, mostrando efeito positivo da criopreservação, mesmo sem o uso de crioprotetores (69%). Observou-se modelo trifásico de absorção de água nas sementes, onde o NL promoveu antecipação da germinação, que se iniciou com 56 horas, enquanto o controle iniciou a germinação após 66 horas. As plantas após 150 dias de cultivo apresentaram desenvolvimento satisfatório de suas partes conforme verificado pelo índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). O uso de crioprotetores não influencia a germinação e crescimento inicial das plantas. As sementes de aroeira-do-sertão com 9,2% de teor de água podem ser criopreservadas em NL sem crioprotetores.

ABSTRACT Aroeira-do-sertão is a Brazilian native species that has been widely explored. Thus, the population of this species has been reduced and techniques for its preservation are essential, such as the conservation of seeds in liquid nitrogen (LN). The objective of this work was to evaluate different cryoprotectant solutions for cryopreservation of aroeira-do-sertão seeds in LN (-196 °C). The treatments used were: control (7.5±1.5 °C); LN without cryoprotectant; sucrose 0.4 mol L-1; sucrose 0.8 mol L-1; glycerol 1 mol L-1; glycerol 2 mol L-1; PVS1 (plant vitrification solution); PVS2; PVS2 + 1% phloroglucinol; and PVS3. The seeds remained frozen for 120 days. The seeds were evaluated for germination and water content before cryopreservation. Several germination parameters were evaluated on the seventh day and plant growth variables were evaluated after 150 days. The seeds presented 9.2% water content and 74% germination before cryopreservation. The germination in the control treatment was 55%, whereas it varied from 61% to 69% under cryopreservation, denoting the positive effect of cryopreservation, even without cryoprotectants (69%). The seeds presented a triphasic water absorption model; the LN accelerated the germination, which started within 56 hours, whereas the germination in the control treatment started after 66 hours. The plant parts presented satisfactory development after 150 days, as shown by the Dickson quality index. The use of cryoprotectants did not affect seed germination and initial growth of seedlings. Aroeira-do-sertão seeds with 9.2% water content can be cryopreserved in LN without cryoprotectants.

Resumo Bauhinia monandra Kurz possui características ornamentais como a forma de sua copa e a exuberância de sua floração, sendo amplamente cultivada na arborização urbana nas regiões brasileiras. A produção de mudas florestais é essencial não somente para atender à demanda da arborização urbana, mas também a conservação das florestas. No entanto, são escassos os estudos de B. monandra quanto ao grau de maturidade dos frutos no desempenho das sementes. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar o potencial germinativo de sementes de B. monandra de diferentes estádios de maturação em cinco temperaturas constantes. Foram avaliados o percentual de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), tempo médio de germinação (t), frequência relativa de germinação e velocidade média de germinação (VMG). Inicialmente as sementes maduras possuíam teor de água de 8,5% e as imaturas de 68,3%. As sementes maduras atingiram altos percentuais de germinação, superiores a 96% para as temperaturas de 25, 30 e 35ºC. As sementes imaturas atingiram um percentual baixo de germinação, atingindo o maior percentual de 33% para a temperatura de 25 ºC, seguido pelas temperaturas de 30 ºC e 35 ºC, com percentuais respectivos de 32% e 20%. As sementes maduras lograram o maior valor de IVG (11,79) para a temperatura estimada de 26,94 ºC e as sementes imaturas o maior valor de t (7,85) para a temperatura de 26,56 ºC. Conclui-se que sementes maduras agregam maior germinação sob a temperatura estimada de 24,72 ºC e que as sementes imaturas tiveram desempenho insatisfatório na germinação.

Abstract Bauhinia monandra Kurz has ornamental characteristics as the shape of its crown and the exuberance of its flowering, being and is widely cultivated in urban afforestation in Brazilian regions. The production of forest seedlings is essential not only to meet the demand of urban afforestation, but also to conserve forests. However, studies on B. monandra regarding the degree of fruit maturity on seed performance are scarce. Thus, the objective of the current work was to verify the germination potential of B. monandra seeds at different stages of maturation at five constant temperatures. The germination percentage, germination speed index (GSI), mean germination time (t), relative germination frequency, and mean germination speed (MGS) were evaluated. Initially, the mature seeds had a water content of 8.5% and the immature seeds of 68.3%. Mature seeds reached high germination percentages, above 96% for temperatures of 25, 30, and 35 ºC. The immature seeds demonstrated low germination percentages, reaching the highest percentage of 33% for the temperature of 25 ºC, followed by the temperatures of 30 ºC and 35 ºC, with respective percentages of 32% and 20%. Mature seeds demonstrated the highest GSI value (11.79) for the estimated temperature of 26.94 ºC and immature seeds the highest value of t (7.85) for the temperature of 26.56 ºC. It is concluded that mature seeds aggregate higher germination at an estimated temperature of 24.72 ºC and that immature seeds present unsatisfactory germination performance.

ABSTRACT Heirloom tomatoes are open-pollinated varieties bearing a wide diversity of colors and shapes that may be used by breeders aiming to improve physical and biochemical fruit traits. Hence, in this work heirloom tomato accessions were characterized, gathering information to genetic breeding programs focusing on human food. For that, 67 heirloom tomato accessions were evaluated for fruit size, fruit mass, fruit volume, color, vitamin C, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, phenolic compounds content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Linear mixed model, Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical clustering were applied to data. Five groups were formed by Ward’s clustering method. The accession UEL 300 constituted group A, which had the greatest mass and volume fruit. Eight accessions formed group B and showed mostly yellow fruits. Group C was comprised of 13 accessions, which had the highest levels of carotenoids, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity. Thirty-three accessions that constituted group D did not stand out for any of the attributes, while 12 accessions into group E had the highest content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, along with the highest ratio of soluble solids and acidity. Five accessions in this collection (UEL 296, UEL 146, UEL 238, UEL 231, and UEL 217) stood out for their biochemical traits. The wide diversity for physical and biochemical fruit traits can be explored in tomato breeding programs, seeking to develop new cultivars, and strengthening family farming.

ABSTRACT Heavy clayey Ferralsols are known for their high capacity to form water-stable macroaggregates. However, little is known about how different size classes of macroaggregates exchange mass with increasing organic matter content. This study aimed to characterize and detail aggregation dynamics with increasing organic matter content in these soils. Profiles of three heavy clayey Ferralsols were sampled to isolate the role of organic matter on the stability of aggregates. In this sampling scenario, a conceptual model was established to calculate the aggregation rate of different size classes of water-stable aggregates. This approach allowed the establishment of a critical value for classifying microaggregates in the studied soils (≤0.50 mm) based on their behavior as “building blocks” for macroaggregates when organic matter content is increased. In surface soil layers, where organic matter is higher, most dynamics are expected to happen between macroaggregates classes because free microaggregates are scarce. Consequently, it is important to subdivide macroaggregates into different size classes when evaluating their stability. Quantifying macroaggregates as a single class (e.g., >0.25 or >0.50 mm) was insufficient in representing the macroaggregation dynamics in heavy clayey Ferralsols.

Resumo A romã é uma fruta considerada medicinal devido às características nutracêuticas, em especial de sua casca. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a influência de diferentes métodos de secagem nas características físico-químicas e bioquímicas da casca de romã. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas: 4 (pleno sol [SOL]; estufa 60±2°C [E60]; câmara fria 10°C a 60%UR [CF]; secadora solar [SS]) x 2 (presença ou ausência de ácido ascórbico [AA] a 1%). As variáveis analisadas foram: perda de massa; índice de heterogeneidade de secagem (IHS); luminosidade, Chroma, ângulo Hue interno (LI, CI, HI) e externo (LE, CE, HE) da casca; compostos fenólicos totais (TCFT) e flavonoides (TFLA). O tratamento E60 apresentou menor tempo para secagem, seguido dos tratamentos SOL e SS. O IHS apresentou redução em função do tempo, sendo mais acentuada no tratamento E60. Para o LI, a CF apresentou melhor resposta, o mesmo foi observado para LE. O TCFT e TFLA apresentaram efeito de interação, em que à aplicação do AA na secagem em estufa resultaram em uma redução acentuada. Por outro lado, a secagem sem a aplicação de AA, na estufa ou a pleno sol resultou nas melhores respostas no TCFT e TFLA.

Abstract The pomegranate fruit exhibits medicinal properties due to the nutraceutical characteristics, especially of its peel. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of different drying methods on the physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of the pomegranate peel. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in subdivided plots: 4 (full sun [SUN], drying chamber [DC] at 60 ± 2 °C, cold chamber at 10 °C and 60% relative humidity (RH) [CC], solar dryer [SD]) × 2 (presence or absence of 1% ascorbic acid [AA]). The analyzed variables were mass loss, index of drying heterogeneity (IHD), Hue internal (LI, CI, HI) and external (LE, CE, HE) angles, as well as Chroma, of the peel, and finally, total phenolic compound (TCFT) and flavonoid (TFLA) content. DC treatment led to the shortest drying time, followed by SUN and SD treatments. A reduction in IHD was observed with respect to time, which was more pronounced in DC treatment. CC treatment produced a more positive response both for LI and LE. TCFT and TFLA content produced from DC treatment presented an interaction effect, which was reduced by the application of AA. On the other hand, dehydration without the application of AA in the drying chamber or in full sun resulted in the best responses in TCFT and TFLA content.

O cultivo de tangerinas no Brasil está baseado em um número restrito de variedades e híbridos. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetiva avaliar a aceitação e a intenção de compra de tangerina ‘Fremont IAC 543’, nos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná. O estudo sensorial foi realizado no Mercadão da Prochet, em Londrina/PR, e Feira Livre da Antiga Ferroviária, em Mogi Mirim/SP, aplicando-se o teste de aceitabilidade e intenção de compra por meio de escalas hedônicas de nove e cinco pontos, respectivamente. Participaram 112 provadores não treinados, em cada localidade, os quais analisaram os frutos de tangerina em relação aos atributos: aparência, aroma, textura, sabor, impressão global e intenção de compra do produto elaborado. O fruto apresentou boa aceitação, com escore variando de 6 (gostei moderadamente) a 9 (gostei extremamente) e índice de aceitação superior a 70% e 50% nos Estados de São Paulo e do Paraná, respectivamente, com mais de 90% dos provadores, de ambos os Estados, afirmando que comprariam os frutos para consumo. Dessa forma, os frutos de tangerina ‘Fremont IAC 543’ resultaram em aceitação e elevada intenção de compra pelos consumidores, principalmente no estado de São Paulo.

Tangerines production is based on a limited number of cultivars and hybrids. In this context, the present work was developed with the purpose of evaluating the acceptance and intention to buy a new hybrid of tangerine, ‘Fremont IAC 543’, in the States of São Paulo and Paraná. The sensory study was carried out in the Mercadão da Prochet, in Londrina/PR, and Free Fair of the old Railroad, in Mogi Mirim/SP, applying the acceptability test and purchase intention by using hedonic scales of nine and five points, respectively. 112 untrained tasters participated in each location, who analyzed the tangerine fruit in relation to attributes: appearance, aroma, texture, taste, overall impression and intention to purchase the product. The fruit showed good acceptance, with a score ranging from 6 (moderately liked) to 9 (extremely liked) and acceptance rate above 70% and 50% in the States of São Paulo and Paraná, respectively, with more than 90% of tasters, of both States, saying they would buy the fruits for consumption. In this way concluded that ‘Fremont IAC 543’ tangerine fruits resulted in acceptance and high purchase intention by consumers, mainly in the state of São Paulo.

RESUMO: Estudos demonstram que o cultivo consorciado de alho em lavouras de morangueiro reduz a população de pragas. No entanto, a influência do consórcio na produção destas culturas não foi testada. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de pseudofrutos de morango e bulbos de alho em monocultivo e em sistema de cultivo consorciado. Foram realizadas avaliações dessa produção, razão equivalente de terra, razão de competição e receita bruta. Os experimentos foram realizados em três áreas de cultivo (dois a céu aberto e uma em cultivo protegido) no município de Londrina. Os tratamentos nas áreas de cultivo a céu aberto foram: alho ou morangueiro em cultivo solteiro (controles); morangueiro em consórcio com uma, duas ou três linhas de cultivo de alho por parcela. Em experimentos em cultivo protegido, as plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com os seguintes tratamentos: alho ou morangueiro em cultivo solteiro, duas plantas de morangueiro (2M) + duas plantas de alho por parcela (2 PAP), 2M+4PAP e 2M+5PAP. Produções semelhantes tanto de alho, quanto de morangos, foram obtidas entre os tratamentos. O cultivo consorciado aumentou a eficiência no uso da terra. O índice razão equivalente de terra variou entre 1,34 a 2,55. A receita bruta aumentou com aumento da densidade de cultivo de alho. Os resultados demonstram que o cultivo consorciado de alho e morangueiro aumenta o uso eficiente da terra e a receita bruta. As produções de pseudofrutos de morangueiro e bulbos de alho não foram influenciadas pelos sistemas de cultivo consorciado, comparado ao monocultivo destas culturas.

ABSTRACT: Studies showed that intercropping garlic reduced pests in strawberry field crops. However, influence of intercropping on yield was not tested. The objective of the study was to evaluate the strawberry pseudofruit and garlic bulb productions in monocropping and intercropping systems. Assessments of the yields and calculation of the land equivalent ratio, competition ratio and gross income were performed. The experiments were conducted in three areas (two open field and one greenhouse) in Londrina municipality. Treatments in the field experiments were garlic or strawberry in monocrops (controls), strawberry (S) + one garlic row (GR), S + 2GR or S + 3GR per plot. In the greenhouse experiment, plants were grown in pots with following treatments: garlic or strawberry in monocrops, 2S + 2 garlic plants per plot (GPP), 2S + 4GPP or 2S + 5GPP. Similar yields (garlic bulbs and strawberry pseudofruits) were observed among the treatments. Intercropping garlic among strawberry plants increased the land equivalent ratio. The intercrop land equivalent ratio index ranged from 1.34 to 2.55. An increasing in gross income were observed when increasing garlic plant densities in intercropping with strawberry. Results showed that intercropping garlic with strawberry increases land equivalent ratio and gross income. Production of strawberry pseudofruits and garlic bulbs were not influenced by intercropping systems compared to monocropping.