ABSTRACT The resistance of a weed to a herbicide may be accompanied by an ecological disadvantage, which can hinder the establishment of resistant biotypes when the herbicide is not used. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the growth and phenology of two biotypes of Raphanus raphanistrum, one susceptible and the other resistant to ALS inhibitors. The research was carried out from August to December 2020, conducting two simultaneous experiments, with the susceptible and resistant biotypes grown as single crops or together with wheat. The parameters under evaluation were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot dry weight, growth rate, leaf area ratio, net assimilation rate, and phenology - determined using the BBCH scale. The results showed not only that development and growth in the sensitive biotype was greater compared to the resistant biotype, but also the precocity of the biotype. The only variable for which the resistant biotype was superior was root dry weight. Cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors resulted in a difference in the growth and phenology of the resistant biotype that should be better evaluated, as the populations present large genetic differences.

ABSTRACT: The resistance of Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass) to cyhalofop-p-butyl has already been confirmed in rice fields in Santa Catarina, Brazil. However, it is not known if this resistance affects other ACCase inhibitors. This study evaluated the occurrence of cross-resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli biotypes from the main rice-growing regions of Santa Catarina to ACCase inhibitors. The research was conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design with a factorial scheme that included three ACCase-inhibiting herbicides (cyhalofop-p-butyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, and profoxydim) belonging to two chemical groups (aryl-oxifenoxi-propionates and cyclohexanediones), eight herbicide doses, and four biotypes evaluated in the F1 generation and two biotypes evaluated in the F2 generation. These biotypes were selected based on the results of a preliminary trial with 21 populations. The herbicides were applied when the plants presented two true leaves. After control evaluations, the lethal dose required to control 50% and 80% of the population (LD50 and LD80) and the resistance factor (RF) were determined by nonlinear regression. The results showed that only one biotype from Tubarão, Santa Catarina met all statistical and agronomic criteria and had cross-resistance to ACCase inhibitors confirmed. In both generations, the RF was greater than 1.0, and the dose required to achieve 80% control exceeded the maximum recommended dose on the label. Resistance levels were higher for herbicides belonging to the aryl-oxifenoxi-propionate chemical group, with RF greater than 7.0. For the cyclohexanedione chemical group, the RF was less than 5.0.

RESUMO: A resistência de capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli) ao cyhalofop-p-butyl já foi confirmada em áreas de produção de arroz de Santa Catarina, entretanto não se sabe se essa resistência compromete outros inibidores da ACCase. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de resistência cruzada em biótipos de capim-arroz das principais regiões orizícolas do Estado de Santa Catarina a inibidores de ACCase. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial, sendo: três herbicidas inibidores de ACCase (cyhalofop-p-butyl; quizalofop-p-ethyl e profoxydim) pertencentes a dois grupos químicos (ariloxifenoxipropionatos e ciclohexanodionas); oito doses dos herbicidas e quatro biótipos foram avaliados na geração F1 e dois biótipos na geração F2. Estes biótipos foram selecionados a partir dos resultados de um ensaio preliminar com 21 populações. A aplicação foi realizada quando as plantas apresentaram duas folhas verdadeiras. Após as avaliações de controle determinou-se, por regressão não-linear, a dose letal necessária para controlar 50% e 80% da população (DL50 e DL80) e o fator de resistência (FR). Os resultados demonstraram que apenas um biótipo de Tubarão-SC atendeu todos os critérios estatísticos e agronômicos e teve a resistência cruzada a inibidores da ACCase confirmada. Nas duas gerações observou-se que o FR foi superior a 1,0 e que a dose necessária para atingir o controle de 80% excedeu a dose máxima recomendada em bula. O nível de resistência foi superior para os herbicidas do grupo químico ariloxifenoxipropionatos, com FR maior que 7,0. Para o grupo químico ciclohexanodionas o FR foi menor que 5,0.

RESUMO Em experimento de campo quantificou-se a sobrevivência e a viabilidade de escleródios de Botrytis squamosa no solo. Cem escleródios multiplicados pela técnica de esfregaço de micélio em meio de cultura BDA foram colocados em saquinhos feito de tecido voal. Em armação de madeira contendo solo, colocaram-se 12 repetições respectivamente na superfície e enterrados a 10 centímetros. Mensalmente os saquinhos foram retirados de cada posição, lavados em água corrente e submetidos à compressão com dedo para constatar-se os mesmos mantinham-se intactos. Os escleródios intactos foram submetidos à assepsia com álcool 70% durante um minuto, hipoclorito de sódio 1,25% por três minutos e em água estéril para lavagem, em seguida depositado em placas contendo meio BDA e acondicionado em câmara de crescimento a 20ºC sem luz. Três dias após a incubação realizava-se a contagem dos escleródios germinados. Os escleródios coletados na superfície e enterrados perderam sua viabilidade após oito meses. Os escleródios de B. squamosa na superfície tendem a perderem sua viabilidade num período de tempo menor que os enterrados.

ABSTRACT In a field experiment, the viability of Botrytis squamosa sclerotia in soil was quantified. One hundred sclerotia were multiplied by mycelial smear technique on PDA culture medium and were placed in bags made of voile fabric. In a wooden frame containing soil, 12 replicates were respectively placed on the soil surface and buried at 10 cm depth. Every month, the bags were removed from each position, washed in tap water and subjected to compression with the finger to check if they were kept intact. Intact sclerotia were sterilized with 70% ethanol for one minute, 1.25% sodium hypochlorite during three minutes and sterile water for washing; then, they were deposited on plates containing PDA culture medium and placed in a growth chamber at 20° C without light. Three days after incubation, germinated sclerotia were counted. The collected sclerotia both on the surface and buried lost their viability after eight months. The sclerotia of B. squamosa on the surface tend to lose their viability earlier than the buried ones.