Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar se queimadas estão relacionadas a doenças respiratórias em crianças menores de cinco anos. Os dados foram coletados em cinco escolas do município de Araraquara, SP, entre março a junho de 2009, abordando: controle diário das faltas escolares, razões alegadas, concentração total de partículas em suspensão (µg/m3) e umidade do ar. A relação entre o percentual de faltas por motivo respiratório e concentração de material particulado no mês de março e no período de abril a junho apresentou comportamento distinto: aumento das faltas com o aumento da concentração do material particulado A utilização das faltas escolares como indicadores desta relação representa recorte inovador.

The objective of this study was to investigate an association between pre-harvest sugarcane burning and respiratory diseases in children under five years of age. The following data were collected in five schools in the city of Araraquara, SP, Southeastern Brazil, between March and June 2009: daily records of absences and the reasons stated for these absences, total concentration of suspended particulate matter (µg/m3), and air humidity. The relationship between the percentage of school absences due to respiratory problems and the concentration of particulate matter in March and from April to June presented a distinct behavior: absences increased alongside the increase in particulate matter concentration. The use of school absences as indicators of this relationship is an innovative approach.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar se queimadas estão relacionadas a doenças respiratórias em crianças menores de cinco anos. Os dados foram coletados em cinco escolas do município de Araraquara, SP, entre março a junho de 2009, abordando: controle diário das faltas escolares, razões alegadas, concentração total de partículas em suspensão (µg/m3) e umidade do ar. A relação entre o percentual de faltas por motivo respiratório e concentração de material particulado no mês de março e no período de abril a junho apresentou comportamento distinto: aumento das faltas com o aumento da concentração do material particulado A utilização das faltas escolares como indicadores desta relação representa recorte inovador.

The objective of this study was to investigate an association between pre-harvest sugarcane burning and respiratory diseases in children under five years of age. The following data were collected in five schools in the city of Araraquara, SP, Southeastern Brazil, between March and June 2009: daily records of absences and the reasons stated for these absences, total concentration of suspended particulate matter (µg/m3), and air humidity. The relationship between the percentage of school absences due to respiratory problems and the concentration of particulate matter in March and from April to June presented a distinct behavior: absences increased alongside the increase in particulate matter concentration. The use of school absences as indicators of this relationship is an innovative approach.

A plataforma em Excel QUAL-UFMG é uma ferramenta de fácil utilização e grande aplicabilidade na modelagem da qualidade da água de rios. Para uma melhor integração do modelo com o gerenciamento de recursos hídricos, o objetivo do trabalho foi incorporar às planilhas de simulação algumas equações para determinação de vazão de diluição e cobrança pelo lançamento de efluentes. Foram simulados cenários hipotéticos de qualidade da água para estimar a capacidade de autodepuração e diluição de efluentes em um estudo de caso no Rio Taquarizinho. O modelo foi capaz de estimar as vazões de diluição requeridas pelos lançamentos e contabilizar os custos dos mesmos variando-se as vazões de referência, enquadramento e carga orgânica lançada no rio. Concluiu-se que o Rio Taquarizinho possui uma elevada capacidade de autodepuração e que suas águas são capazes de suportar a instalação de empreendimentos de grande porte, como matadouros e curtumes.

The platform QUAL-UFMG on Excel is a tool simple to use with wide applicability to modeling the water quality of rivers. To better integrate the model with the management of water resources, the aim of this study was to incorporate in the simulation spreadsheets some equations for determination of dilution and recovery by the effluent discharge. Hypothetical water quality scenarios were simulated to estimate the capacity of self-depuration and dilution of effluent in a case study in Taquarizinho River. The model was able to estimate the flows required by dilution effluents and account for costs in varying the reference flows, class of water and organic load released into the river. It was concluded that Rio Taquarizinho has a high capacity for self-depuration, and that its waters are capable of supporting the installation of large-scale enterprises such as slaughterhouses and tanneries

Samples of soil, water and sediment were collected and analyzed in order to evaluate chromium contamination due to deposition of tannery residues onto soils under different management regimes. The results showed that soils used for sugar cane cultivation were not adversely impacted. However, in the case of mango plantations, variable concentrations of chromium were measured in the soil profile, with 22.2% of values being higher than permitted legal limits, and 38.9% being at levels requiring remediation. Concentrations of bioavailable chromium were lower than the detection limit of the method (0.01 mg of chromium kg-1 of soil), indicating that all of the chromium present in the samples was either complexed or in an insoluble form. Chromium concentrations measured in samples of water and sediments were indicative of low mobility of the metal in soils. The main cause of differences found between soil samples obtained from different cultivations was the type of soil management.

A discussion about groundwater contamination is presented in this work. Contamination by agricultural activity, more specifically by pesticides is emphasized. Indirect and direct estimates could be used to predict pesticide behavior in soil, and consequently, to evaluate the potential of groundwater contamination. These results could be applied to advise about the possibility of groundwater contamination by pesticides, and to provide subsidies for making decisions more quickly and efficiently.

Foi desenvolvido um estudo sobre a presença dos herbicidas simazina, metribuzim, metolacloro, trifluralina, atrazina e seus metabólitos desisopropilatrazina (DIA) e desetilatrazina (DEA) em água superficial e subterrânea da região de Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso, Brasil. O procedimento analítico baseou-se na extração em fase sólida com cartuchos descartáveis Sep-Pak C18 e eluição com acetato de etila. Os níveis de resíduos foram determinados por cromatografia a gás com detector de nitrogênio e fósforo. Para a maior parte dos pesticidas, a recuperação média nos diferentes níveis de fortificação foi >70% com estimativa do desvio padrão relativo <19%. As recuperações observadas para o DIA e a trifluralina foram 25% e 56%, respectivamente. As baixas recuperações foram atribuídas à retenção incompleta do DIA e à forte retenção no sorvente e alta volatilidade da trifluralina. Os limites de detecção variaram de 0,023 a 0,088 µg L-1. Este método foi aplicado na análise de 5 amostras de águas superficiais e 28 de águas subterrâneas, em pontos usados para abastecimento de água para consumo humano, coletadas em Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso. O nível mais elevado encontrado nas amostras de água foi 1,732 µg L-1 de metolacloro enquanto o herbicida encontrado com maior freqüência foi o metribuzim.

A study on the presence of herbicides, namely simazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, trifluralin, atrazine and two metabolites, deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and deethylatrazine (DEA), was performed in ground and surface waters from Primavera do Leste region, Mato Grosso state (Middle West of Brazil). The analytical procedure was based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Sep-Pak C18 disposable cartridges and ethyl acetate for elution solvent. Residue levels were determined by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. For most of the pesticides average recoveries at different fortification levels were >70% with relative standard deviation <19%. The recoveries of DIA and trifluralin in water were 25% and 56%, respectively, which were attributed to the incomplete retention of DIA and strong retention on the sorbing material and high volatility of trifluralin. Detection limits ranged from 0.023 to 0.088 µg L-1. This method was applied for the analysis of 5 superficial water samples and 28 groundwater samples, in places used for human consumption without previous treatment, collected in Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Results indicated that the highest level of contamination in a water sample was 1.732 µg L-1 for metolachlor, while metribuzin was the most frequently detected herbicide with maximum concentration of 0.351 µg L-1.

Um método alternativo, utilizando cromatografia líquida com detecção espectrofotométrica, para análise de procloraz como o produto de degradação 2,4,6-triclorofenol em manga, mamão e laranja é descrito. Acetato de etila, acetona e diclorometano foram testados para a extração de procloraz das frutas. Após a extração, procloraz foi submetido a uma reação com cloridrato de piridina para gerar o derivado 2,4,6-triclorofenol. A análise foi realizada por cromatografia líquida com detector espectrofotométrico e por cromatografia gasosa com detecção por captura de elétrons. Recuperações médias de frutas fortificadas (0,1 e 0,2 mg kg-1) variaram de 80 a 94% com coeficiente de variação entre 5,6% e 12,6% (n=8). Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram 0,05 e 0,1 mg kg-1, respectivamente. O método alternativo foi aplicado a amostras de manga e mamão, as quais foram tratadas por imersão em solução da formulação de procloraz sob condições de laboratório. Além disso, amostras de frutas de mercados locais foram analisadas.

An alternative method using liquid chromatography with UV detection for the determination of prochloraz as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in mango, papaya and orange is described. Ethyl acetate, acetone and dichloromethane were tested for extraction of prochloraz from the fruits. After extraction the residue of prochloraz was derivatized with pyridine hydrochloride. The analysis was carried out using liquid chromatography with UV detection and gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Average recoveries of prochloraz from spiked fruits (0.1 and 0.2 mg kg-1) ranged from 80% to 94% with relative standard deviations between 5.6% and 12.6% (n=8). Detection and quantification limits were 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg-1, respectively. The LC-UV method was applied to mango and papaya samples submitted to dip treatment with a prochloraz formulation under laboratory conditions. In addition, fruit samples obtained from local markets were analysed.

A rapid and sensitive method is described for the determination of clofentezine residues in apple, papaya, mango and orange. The procedure is based on the extraction of the sample with a hexane:ethyl acetate mixture (1:1, v/v) and liquid chromatographic analysis using UV detection. Mean recoveries from 4 replicates of fortified fruit samples ranged from 81% to 96%, with coefficients of variation from 8.9% to 12.5%. The detection and quantification limits of the method were of 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg-1, respectively.

This paper supplies a revision about the main techniques of extraction, clean-up and pre-concentration of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in water and soil samples, as well as chromatographic methods and immune assays for its identification and quantification.

Um método rápido e eficiente é descrito para a análise de resíduos de tiabendazol e imazalil em limão (casca e polpa). O procedimento é baseado numa extração com hexano:acetato de etila (1:1, v/v) e análise por cromatografia a gás com detector termiônico específico. A possibilidade do efeito de matriz foi investigada. Os valores de recuperação média de 8 análises de amostras de limão fortificadas variaram de 79% a 109%, com valores de desvio padrão relativo entre 2,4% e 12,8%. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação do método foram 0,2 mg kg-1 e 0,5 mg kg-1, respectivamente.

A rapid and efficient method is described for the determination of thiabendazole and imazalil residues in lemons (peel and pulp). The procedure is based on the extraction with an hexane:ethyl acetate mixture (1:1, v/v) and gas chromatographic analysis using thermionic specific detection (TSD). The possibility of matrix effect was also studied. Mean recoveries from 8 replicates of fortified samples ranged from 79% to 109%, with relative standard deviation values between 2.4% to 12.8%. The detection and quantification limits of the method were 0.2 mg kg-1 and 0.5 mg kg-1, respectively.

This paper supplies a compact revision on the herbicide glyphosate physic-chemistry characteristic mains, including toxicity and valid Brazilian legislation for its use.

Six supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods were tested, by varying the following operational parameters: CO2 pressure, time and temperature of extraction, type and proportion of static modifier, and Hydromatrix®/sample rate into cell. Firstly, insecticide carbamates were extracted from spiked potatoes samples (fortification level of 0,5 mg.Kg-1) by using SPE procedures, and then final extracts were analyzed HPLC/fluorescence. Good performance was observed with SFE methods that operated with values of temperature and CO2 pressure of 50 ºC and 350 bar, respectively. Best efficiency was obtained when it was used acetonitrile as a modifier (3% on the cell volume), and Hydromatrix®/sample rate of 2:1. Static time was of 1 min; total extraction time was of 35 min; dynamic extraction was performed with 15 mL of CO2, and it was used methanol (2 mL) for the dissolution of the final residue. In such conditions, pesticide recoveries varied from 72 to 94%, depending on the analyzed compound. In higher extraction temperatures, a rapid degradation was observed for some compounds, such as aldicarb and carbaryl; presence of their metabolites was further confirmed by HPLC-APCI/MS in positive mode. Detection limits for chromatographic analysis varied from 0,2 to 1,3 ng.

This paper supplies a compact revision about the main extraction, clean-up and pre-concentration methods of the herbicide glyphosate for water and soil samples, as well as methods for its determination and quantification.

Este trabalho estudou a adsorção e a desorção do herbicida ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) em solo da região de Urbano Santos - MA. A região possui campos de cultivo de eucaliptos para obtenção de celulose. Para a limpeza dos campos, antes da plantação e nos primeiros 12 meses de plantio, são aplicados herbicidas, dentre os quais destacamos o 2,4-D. A isoterma de Freundlich foi utilizado como modelo para este estudo e a concentração de 2,4-D foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), acompanhada de ensaios de recuperação para garantir a confiabilidade dos dados obtidos na investigação de adsorção/dessorção. Os resultados indicaram que o 2,4-D apresenta maior adsorção à matéria orgânica do solo estudado, quando comparado a outros tipos de solo, o que pode resultar em pequena diminuição em sua tendência de lixiviação e de degradação microbiológica. Entretanto, este herbicida apresenta elevado potencial de lixiviação quando comparado a outros pesticidas.

This research studied the adsorption and the desorption of the herbicide 2,4-Dichlorofenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in soil from Urbano Santos - MA. The region has eucalyptus crops, and they will be used for attainment of cellulose. Herbicides, namely 2,4-D, are used for clean the fields before the plantation and in the firsts 12 months. The Freundlich isotherm was used as model for this study, and the 2,4-D concentration was determined through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This determination was studied by recoveries assays. The results suggest the 2,4-D to show bigger adsorption at organic mater of studied soil that others kinds of the soils. This can results in lower tendency of leaching and degradation, but the herbicide shows high potential of leaching when compared with others pesticides.

Herbicidas tais como trifluralina, simazina, atrazina, metribuzina e metolaclor são usados na agricultura brasileira. A eficiência de um método em pequena escala para a determinação destes herbicidas e dois produtos de degradação em amostras de solo foi avaliada. Os compostos foram extraídos das amostras de solo (5 g) com 20 ml de acetato de etila em agitador mecânico por 50 min. Após a extração, o sobrenadante foi filtrado em sulfato de sódio anidro, concentrado e analisado por cromatografia a gás de alta resolução com detector termiônico específico. Valores médios de recuperação obtidos de amostras de solo fortificadas em três níveis diferentes variaram de 81 a 115 % com valores de desvio padrão relativo entre 1,2 e 12,7 %. Os limites de detecção do método variaram de 0,01 a 0,06 mg kg-1. A metodologia foi aplicada a amostras de solo de fazendas localizadas próximas à cidade de Araraquara, estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

Herbicides such as trifluralin, simazine, atrazine, metribuzin and metolachlor are used in Brazilian agriculture. The efficiency of a small scale method for determination of these herbicides and two degradation products (deisopropylatrazine and deethylatrazine) in soil samples was evaluated. The compounds were extracted from soil samples (5 g) with 20 ml of ethyl acetate in a mechanical shaker for 50 min. Following the extraction, the supernatant was dried through anhydrous sodium sulphate, concentrated and analysed by high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) with thermionic specific detection (TSD). Mean recoveries obtained from soil samples fortified at three different levels ranged from 81 to 115% with relative standard deviation (RSD) values varying from 1.2 to 12.7%. The method detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 mg kg-1. The methodology was applied using soil samples from farms located near the town of Araraquara, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.