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The Medical Burden of Heart Failure: A Comparative Delineation with Cancer in Brazil
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Almeida, Dirceu Rodrigues de

; Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

; Forestiero, Francisco Jose

; Nakamuta, Juliana S.

; Bichels, André

International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences

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aug 2022, Volume 35 N. 4 Pages 514 - 520

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract Background: Due to its poor prognosis and mortality rates, heart failure (HF) has been recognized as a malignant condition, comparable to some cancers in developed countries. Objectives: To compare mortality from HF and prevalent cancers using data from a nationwide database in Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study using secondary data obtained from Brazilian administrative databases of death records and hospitalization claims maintained by the Ministry of Health. Data were analyzed according to main diagnosis, year of occurrence (2005-2015), sex and age group. Descriptive analyses of absolute number of events, hospitalization rate, mortality rate, and in-hospital mortality rate were performed. Results: The selected cancers accounted for higher mortality, lower hospitalization and higher in-hospital mortality rates than HF. In a group analysis, HF showed mortality rates of 100-150 per 100,000 inhabitants over the period, lower than the selected cancers. However, HF had a higher mortality rate than each type of cancer, even when compared to the most prevalent and deadly ones. Regarding hospitalization rates, HF was associated with a higher risk of hospitalization when compared to cancer-related conditions as a group. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that HF has an important impact on mortality, hospitalization and in-hospital mortality, comparable to or even worse than some types of cancer, representing a potential burden to the healthcare system.

https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20200382

Implications for Clinical Practice from a Multicenter Survey of Heart Failure Management Centers
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Bocchi, Edimar Alcides

; Moreira, Henrique Turin

; Nakamuta, Juliana Sanajotti

; Simões, Marcus Vinicius

; Casas, Alberto de Almeida Las

; Costa, Altamiro Reis da

; Assis, Amberson Vieira de

; Durães, André Rodrigues

; Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

; Ravessa, Antonio Delduque de Araujo

; Macedo, Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli

; Biselli, Bruno

; Pinto, Carolina Maria Nogueira

; Filho, Conrado Roberto Hoffmann

; Costantini, Costantino Roberto

; Almeida, Dirceu Rodrigues

; Santos Jr, Edval Gomes dos

; Soliva Junior, Erwin

; Figueiredo, Estevão Lanna

; Albuquerque, Felipe Neves de

; Paulitsch, Felipe

; Neuenschwander, Fernando Carvalho

; Figueiredo Neto, José Albuquerque de

; Brito, Flavio de Souza

; Lopes, Heno Ferreira

; Villacorta, Humberto

; Souza Neto, João David de

; Sepulveda, João Mariano

; Ayoub, José Carlos Aidar

; Vilela-Martin, José F.

; Cardoso, Juliano Novaes

; Uemura, Laercio

; Moura, Lidia Zytynski

; Maia, Lilia Nigro

; Oliveira, Lucia Brandão de

; Maia, Lucimir

; Silva, Luís Beck da

; Gowdak, Luís Henrique Wolff

; Danzmann, Luiz Claudio

; Andrade, Marcus

; Braile-Sternieri, Maria Christiane Valeria Braga

; Moreira, Maria da Consolação Vieira

; França Neto, Olimpio R

; Filho, Otavio Rizzi Coelho

; Esteves, Paulo Frederico

; Raupp-da-Rosa, Priscila

; Silva, Ricardo Jorge de Queiroz e

; Mourilhe-Rocha, Ricardo

; Viégas, Ruy Felipe Melo

; Rassi, Salvador

; Mangili, Sandrigo

; Kaiser, Sergio Emanuel

; Martins, Silvia Marinho

; Kawabata, Vitor Sergio

Clinics

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2021, Volume 76 elocation e1991

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVES: This observational, cross-sectional study based aimed to test whether heart failure (HF)-disease management program (DMP) components are influencing care and clinical decision-making in Brazil. METHODS: The survey respondents were cardiologists recommended by experts in the field and invited to participate in the survey via printed form or email. The survey consisted of 29 questions addressing site demographics, public versus private infrastructure, HF baseline data of patients, clinical management of HF, performance indicators, and perceptions about HF treatment. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 98 centers (58% public and 42% private practice) distributed across Brazil. Public HF-DMPs compared to private HF-DMP were associated with a higher percentage of HF-DMP-dedicated services (79% vs 24%; OR: 12, 95% CI: 94-34), multidisciplinary HF (MHF)-DMP [84% vs 65%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 1-8), HF educational programs (49% vs 18%; OR: 4; 95% CI: 1-2), written instructions before hospital discharge (83% vs 76%; OR: 1; 95% CI: 0-5), rehabilitation (69% vs 39%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 1-9), monitoring (44% vs 29%; OR: 2; 95% CI: 1-5), guideline-directed medical therapy-HF use (94% vs 85%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 0-15), and less B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) dosage (73% vs 88%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 1-9), and key performance indicators (37% vs 60%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 1-7). In comparison to non- MHF-DMP, MHF-DMP was associated with more educational initiatives (42% vs 6%; OR: 12; 95% CI: 1-97), written instructions (83% vs 68%; OR: 2: 95% CI: 1-7), rehabilitation (69% vs 17%; OR: 11; 95% CI: 3-44), monitoring (47% vs 6%; OR: 14; 95% CI: 2-115), GDMT-HF (92% vs 83%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 0-15). In addition, there were less use of BNP as a biomarker (70% vs 84%; OR: 2; 95% CI: 1-8) and key performance indicators (35% vs 51%; OR: 2; 95% CI: 91,6) in the non-MHF group. Physicians considered changing or introducing new medications mostly when patients were hospitalized or when observing worsening disease and/or symptoms. Adherence to drug treatment and non-drug treatment factors were the greatest medical problems associated with HF treatment. CONCLUSION: HF-DMPs are highly heterogeneous. New strategies for HF care should consider the present study highlights and clinical decision-making processes to improve HF patient care.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2021/e1991 870 downloads

Minieditorial: O Polimorfismo Genético do Receptor Beta-Adrenérgico Tipo 1 Ser49Gly é Preditor de Morte em Pacientes Brasileiros com Insuficiência Cardíaca
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Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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apr 2020, Volume 114 N. 4 Pages 625 - 626

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200183 515 downloads

Reverse Cardiac Remodeling: A Marker of Better Prognosis in Heart Failure
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Reis Filho, José Rosino de Araújo Rocha

; Cardoso, Juliano Novaes

; Cardoso, Cristina Martins dos Reis

; Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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jun 2015, Volume 104 N. 6 Pages 502 - 506

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Na síndrome da insuficiência cardíaca, a disfunção do miocárdio gera um aumento da atividade neuro-hormonal, que é um mecanismo adaptativo e compensatório em resposta à redução do débito cardíaco. A atividade neuro-hormonal é estimulada inicialmente na tentativa de manter o paciente compensado, mas quando permanece aumentada, contribui para a intensificação das manifestações clínicas e do dano miocárdico. A remodelação cardíaca consiste nas alterações no volume do ventrículo bem como na espessura e forma da parede do miocárdio. Com o tratamento otimizado, pode ocorrer a reversão da remodelação, com melhora gradual da função cardíaca e consequente melhora do prognóstico.

In heart failure syndrome, myocardial dysfunction causes an increase in neurohormonal activity, which is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism in response to the reduction in cardiac output. Neurohormonal activity is initially stimulated in an attempt to maintain compensation; however, when it remains increased, it contributes to the intensification of clinical manifestations and myocardial damage. Cardiac remodeling comprises changes in ventricular volume as well as the thickness and shape of the myocardial wall. With optimized treatment, such remodeling can be reversed, causing gradual improvement in cardiac function and consequently improved prognosis.

https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150025 5473 downloads

Variação Temporal no Prognóstico e Tratamento da Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada - Antes e Após 2000
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Carlo, Carlos Henrique Del

; Cardoso, Juliano Novaes

; Ochia, Marcelo Eidi

; Oliveira Jr., Mucio Tavares de

; Ramires, José Antonio Franchini

; Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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jun 2014, Volume 102 N. 5 Pages 495 - 504

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Fundamento: O tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca evoluiu nas últimas décadas, sugerindo que sua sobrevida tem aumentado. Objetivo: Verificar se houve melhora na sobrevida dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada. Métodos: Comparamos retrospectivamente os dados de seguimento e tratamento de duas coortes de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica admitidos para compensação até o ano 2000 (n = 353) e após 2000 (n = 279). Foram analisados: morte hospitalar, re-hospitalizações e morte no seguimento de 1 ano. Utilizamos os testes U de Mann-Whitney e qui-quadrado para comparação entre os grupos. Os preditores de mortalidade foram identificados pela análise de regressão por meio do método dos riscos proporcionais de Cox e análise de sobrevida pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Os pacientes internados até o ano 2000 eram mais jovens, tinham menor comprometimento ventricular esquerdo e receberam menor proporção de betabloqueadores na alta. A sobrevida dos pacientes hospitalizados antes de 2000 foi menor do que a dos hospitalizados após 2000 (40,1% vs. 67,4%; p < 0,001). Os preditores independentes de mortalidade na análise de regressão foram: a etiologia chagásica (hazard ratio: 1,9; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,3-3,0), inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (hazard ratio: 0,6; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,4-0,9), betabloqueador (hazard ratio: 0,3; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,2-0,5), creatinina ≥ 1,4 mg/dL (hazard ratio: 2,0; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,3-3,0), sódio sérico ≤ 135 mEq/L (hazard ratio: 1,8; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,2-2,7). Conclusões: Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada apresentaram melhora significativa na sobrevida e redução nas re-hospitalizações. O bloqueio neuro-hormonal, com inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e betabloqueadores, teve papel importante no aumento da sobrevida desses pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada.

Background: The treatment of heart failure has evolved in recent decades suggesting that survival is increasing. Objective: To verify whether there has been improvement in the survival of patients with advanced heart failure. Methods: We retrospectively compared the treatment and follow-up data from two cohorts of patients with systolic heart failure admitted for compensation up to 2000 (n = 353) and after 2000 (n = 279). We analyzed in-hospital death, re-hospitalization and death in 1 year of follow-up. We used Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test for comparison between groups. The predictors of mortality were identified by regression analysis through Cox proportional hazards model and survival analysis by the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: The patients admitted until 2000 were younger, had lower left ventricular impairment and received a lower proportion of beta-blockers at discharge. The survival of patients hospitalized before 2000 was lower than those hospitalized after 2000 (40.1% vs. 67.4%; p<0.001). The independent predictors of mortality in the regression analysis were: Chagas disease (hazard ratio: 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.0), angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (hazard ratio: 0.6; 95% confidence interval: 0.4-0.9), beta-blockers (hazard ratio: 0.3; 95% confidence interval: 0.2-0.5), creatinine ≥ 1.4 mg/dL (hazard ratio: 2.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.0), serum sodium ≤ 135 mEq/L (hazard ratio: 1.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-2.7). Conclusions: Patients with advanced heart failure showed a significant improvement in survival and reduction in re-hospitalizations. The neurohormonal blockade, with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers, had an important role in increasing survival of these patients with advanced heart failure.

https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140050 2844 downloads

Relação entre depressão, nível de BNP e comprometimento ventricular na insuficiência cardíaca
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Aguiar, Vera Barretto

; Ochiai, Marcelo Eidi

; Cardoso, Juliano Novais

; Del Carlo, Carlos H

; Morgado, Paulo Cesar

; Munhoz, Robinson Tadeu

; Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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dec 2010, Volume 95 N. 6 Pages 732 - 737

Abstract: Pt En Es | Text: Pt En Es | PDF: Pt | PDF: En | PDF: Es

FUNDAMENTO: A depressão é uma comorbidade frequente na insuficiência cardíaca (IC), mas os mecanismos relacionados a pior evolução de pacientes deprimidos com IC ainda não estão esclarecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel da depressão grave na evolução dos pacientes com IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Estudamos consecutivamente 43 pacientes com IC avançada e FE < 40,0%, hospitalizados para compensação cardíaca. Os pacientes, após história e exame físico, foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais, incluindo a dosagem de BNP. Após o diagnóstico de depressão, aplicou-se a escala de Hamilton-D. Depressão grave foi definida por escore igual ou maior que 18. As variáveis clínico-laboratoriais, segundo a presença ou não de depressão grave, foram analisadas pela regressão logística. A curva ROC definiu o ponto de corte para o BNP. RESULTADOS: Depressão grave ou muito grave foi identificada em 24 (55,8%) pacientes. Os pacientes deprimidos graves não diferiram dos não deprimidos quanto à idade, sexo e função renal, mas apresentaram menor comprometimento cardíaco (FE 23,4 ± 7,2% vs 19,5 ± 5,2%; p = 0,046) e valores mais elevados do BNP (2.582,8 ± 1.596,6 pg/ml vs 1.206,6 ± 587,0 pg/ml; p < 0,001). Entretanto, os pacientes com BNP maior que 1.100 pg/ml tiveram 12,0 (odds ratio [IC 95%] = 2,61 - 55,26) vezes mais chance de desenvolverem quadros de depressão grave. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com depressão grave apresentaram maior grau de estimulação neuro-hormonal, apesar do grau de disfunção ventricular ser menor. As alterações fisiopatológicas relacionadas à depressão, aumentando a estimulação neuro-hormonal e as citocinas, provavelmente contribuíram para essa maior manifestação clínica, mesmo em presença de menor dano cardíaco.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common comorbidity in heart failure (HF); however, the mechanisms related to a poorer outcome of depressed patients with HF remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of severe depression in the outcome of patients with decompensated HF. METHODS: A total of 43 patients with advanced HF, EF < 40.0%, and hospitalized for cardiac compensation were consecutively studied. After history taking and physical examination, the patients underwent laboratory tests including BNP determination. After the diagnosis of depression was made, the Hamilton-D scale was applied. Severe depression was defined by a score equal to or greater than 18. The clinical and laboratory variables according to the presence or absence of severe depression were analyzed using logistic regression. The ROC curve defined the cut-off point for BNP. RESULTS: Severe or very severe depression was identified in 24 (55.8%) patients. Severely depressed patients did not differ from non-depressed patients as regards age, gender and renal function, but showed less cardiac impairment (EF 23.4 ± 7.2% vs 19.5 ± 5.2%; p = 0.046) and higher BNP levels (2,582.8 ± 1,596.6 pg/ml vs 1,206.6 ± 587.0 pg/ml; p < 0.001). However, patients with BNP levels higher than 1,100 pg/ml had a 12.0-fold higher chance (odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.61 - 55.26) of developing severe depression. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe depression showed a higher degree of neurohormonal stimulation despite their lower degree of ventricular dysfunction. The pathophysiological changes related to depression, leading to increased neurohormonal stimulation and cytokines, probably contributed to this more intense clinical manifestation even in the presence of less cardiac damage.

FUNDAMENTO: La depresión es una comorbilidad frecuente en la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), pero los mecanismos relacionados a peor evolución de pacientes deprimidos con IC aun no están aclarados. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el papel de la depresión grave en la evolución de los pacientes con IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos consecutivamente 43 pacientes con IC avanzada y FE < 40,0%, hospitalizados para compensación cardíaca. Los pacientes, después de historia y examen físico, fueron sometidos a exámenes de laboratorio, incluyendo el dosaje de BNP. Después del diagnóstico de depresión, se aplicó la escala de Hamilton-D. Depresión grave fue definida por escore igual o mayor que 18. Las variables clínicas-de laboratorio, según la presencia o no de depresión grave, fueron analizadas por la regresión logística. La curva ROC definió el punto de corte para el BNP. RESULTADOS: Depresión grave o muy grave fue identificada en 24 (55,8%) pacientes. Los pacientes deprimidos graves no difirieron de los no deprimidos en cuanto a la edad, sexo y función renal, pero presentaron menor compromiso cardíaco (FE 23,4 ± 7,2% vs. 19,5 ± 5,2%; p = 0,046) y valores más elevados del BNP (2.582,8 ± 1.596,6 pg/ml vs. 1.206,6 ± 587,0 pg/ml; p < 0,001). Mientras tanto, los pacientes con BNP mayor que 1.100 pg/ml tuvieron 12,0 (odds ratio [IC 95%] = 2,61 - 55,26) veces más chance de desarrollar cuadros de depresión grave. CONCLUSÍON: Los pacientes con depresión grave presentaron mayor grado de estimulación neurohormonal, a pesar del grado de disfunción ventricular ser menor. Las alteraciones fisiopatológicas relacionadas a la depresión, aumentando la estimulación neurohormonal y las citocinas, probablemente contribuyeron a esa mayor manifestación clínica, aun en presencia de menor daño cardíaco.

4848 downloads

Troponina cardíaca T para estratificação de risco na insuficiência cardíaca crônica descompensada
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Del Carlo, Carlos Henrique

; Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

; Cassaro-Strunz, Célia Maria

; Latorre, Maria do Rosário Dias de Oliveira

; Oliveira Junior, Múcio Tavares de

; Ramires, José Antonio Franchini

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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may 2009, Volume 92 N. 5 Pages 404 - 412

Abstract: Pt En Es | Text: Pt En Es | PDF: Pt | PDF: En | PDF: Es

FUNDAMENTO: As troponinas cardíacas são marcadores altamente sensíveis e específicos de lesão miocárdica. Esses marcadores foram detectados na insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e estão associadas com mau prognóstico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação da troponina T (cTnT) e suas faixas de valores com o prognóstico na IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se 70 pacientes com piora da IC crônica que necessitaram de hospitalização. Na admissão, o modelo de Cox foi utilizado para avaliar as variáveis capazes de predizer o desfecho composto por morte ou re-hospitalização em razão de piora da IC durante um ano. RESULTADOS: Durante o seguimento, ocorreram 44 mortes, 36 re-hospitalizações por IC e 56 desfechos compostos. Na análise multivariada, os preditores de eventos clínicos foram: cTnT (cTnT > 0,100 ng/ml; hazard ratio (HR) 3,95 intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%: 1,64-9,49, p = 0,002), diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE >70 mm; HR 1,92, IC95%: 1,06-3,47, p = 0,031) e sódio sérico (Na <135 mEq/l; HR 1,79, IC95%: 1,02-3,15, p = 0,044). Para avaliar a relação entre a elevação da cTnT e o prognóstico na IC descompensada, os pacientes foram estratificados em três grupos: cTnT-baixo (cTnT < 0,020 ng/ml, n = 22), cTnT-intermediário (cTnT > 0,020 e < 0,100 ng/ml, n = 36) e cTnT-alto (cTnT > 0,100 ng/ml, n = 12). As probabilidades de sobrevida e sobrevida livre de eventos foram: 54,2%, 31,5%, 16,7% (p = 0,020), e 36,4%, 11,5%, 8,3% (p = 0,005), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A elevação da cTnT está associada com mau prognóstico na IC descompensada, e o grau dessa elevação pode facilitar a estratificação de risco.

BACKGROUND: The cardiac troponins are highly sensitive and specific markers of myocardial injury. They have been detected in heart failure (HF) and are associated with a bad prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and its ranges with prognosis in decompensated HF. METHODS: A total of 70 patients with chronic HF worsening that needed hospitalization were studied. Cox model was used to evaluate the variables at admission capable of predicting the combined outcome that consisted of death or re-hospitalization due to HF worsening during a 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: During the follow-up, there were 44 deaths, 36 re-hospitalizations due to HF and 56 combined outcomes. At the multivariate analysis, the predictors of clinical events were the cTnT (cTnT >0.100 ng/mL; hazard ratio [HR] 3.95 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64-9.49, p = 0.002), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDD >70 mm; HR 1.92, 95%CI: 1.06-3.47, p = 0.031) and serum sodium (Na <135 mEq/L; HR 1.79, 95%CI: 1.02-3.15, p = 0.044). To evaluate the association between the cTnT increase and the prognosis in decompensated HF, the patients were stratified in three groups: low-cTnT (cTnT <0.020 ng/ml, n = 22), intermediate-cTnT (cTnT >0.020 and <0.100 ng/ml, n = 36), and high-cTnT (cTnT >0.100 ng/ml, n = 12).The probabilities of survival and event-free survival were 54.2%, 31.5%, 16.7% (p = 0.020) and 36.4%, 11.5%, 8.3% (p = 0.005), respectively. CONCLUSION: The increase in cTnT is associated with a bad prognosis in decompensated HF and the degree of this increase can help the risk stratification.

FUNDAMENTO: Las troponinas cardíacas son marcadores altamente sensibles y específicos de lesión miocárdica. Se las detectaron en la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) y están asociadas con mal pronóstico. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación de la troponina T (cTnT) y sus franjas de valores con el pronóstico en la IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron a 70 pacientes con empeoramiento de la IC crónica que necesitaron hospitalización. Al ingreso, se empleó el modelo de Cox para evaluar las variables capaces de predecir el desenlace conformado por muerte o rehospitalización en razón de empeoramiento de la IC durante un año. RESULTADOS: Durante el seguimiento, ocurrieron 44 muertes, 36 rehospitalizaciones por IC y 56 desenlaces compuestos. En el análisis multivariado, los predictores de eventos clínicos fueron: cTnT (cTnT > 0,100 ng/ml; hazard ratio (HR) 3,95 intervalo de confianza (IC) 95%: 1,64-9,49, p = 0,002), diámetro diastólico final del ventrículo izquierdo (DDVI >70 mm; HR 1,92, IC95%: 1,06-3,47, p = 0,031) y sodio sérico (Na <135 mEq/l; HR 1,79, IC95%: 1,02-3,15, p = 0,044). Para avaluar la relación entre la elevación de la cTnT y el pronóstico en la IC descompensada, se dividieron a los pacientes en tres grupos: cTnT-bajo (cTnT < 0,020 ng/ml, n = 22), cTnT-intermediario (cTnT > 0,020 y < 0,100 ng/ml, n = 36) y cTnT-alto (cTnT > 0,100 ng/ml, n = 12). Las probabilidades de sobrevida y sobrevida libre de eventos fueron: 54,2%, 31,5%, 16,7% (p = 0,020), y 36,4%, 11,5%, 8,3% (p = 0,005), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: La elevación de la cTnT está asociada con mal pronóstico en la IC descompensada, y el grado de esa elevación puede facilitar la estratificación de riesgo.

27458 downloads

Por que os portadores de cardiomiopatia chagásica têm pior evolução que os não-chagásicos?
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Silva, Christiano Pereira

; Del Carlo, Carlo Henrique

; Oliveira Junior, Mucio Tavares de

; Scipioni, Airton

; Strunz-Cassaro, Celia

; Ramirez, José Antonio Franchini

; Pereira Barretto, Antonio Carlos

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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dec 2008, Volume 91 N. 6 Pages 389 - 394

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

FUNDAMENTO: A insuficiência cardíaca é uma doença de alta prevalência, com prognóstico dependente de diferentes fatores preditores. OBJETIVO: A doença de Chagas é um preditor de mau prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) crônica. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar se ela também prediz pior evolução para pacientes agudamente descompensados. MÉTODOS: Estudamos 417 pacientes hospitalizados por IC descompensada. A idade média foi de 51,8 anos, sendo 291 (69,8%) homens. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: 133 (31,9%) chagásicos (CH) e 284 com outras etiologias. Num subgrupo de 63 pacientes (15,1% com doença de Chagas), dosaram-se citocinas e noradrenalina. RESULTADOS: Na internação, 24,6% necessitaram de inotrópicos, e em um ano a mortalidade foi de 54,7%. Os CH apresentaram maior mortalidade (69,2% vs. 47,9%, p < 0,001). Na comparação de dados, os CH eram mais jovens (47,6 vs. 53,8 anos, p < 0,001) e apresentavam, em média, PA sistólica (96,7 vs. 111,2 mmHg, p < 0,001), fração de ejeção (32,7 vs. 36,4%, p < 0,001), Na sérico (134,6 vs. 136,0, p = 0,026) mais baixos e TNF-alfa mais elevado (33,3 vs. 14,8, p = 0,001). A presença de hipotensão necessitando de inotrópicos, o diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), os dados de função renal, os níveis de interleucina-6 e os de noradrenalina não diferiram nos dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes chagásicos hospitalizados com IC descompensada tiveram pior prognóstico quando comparados com aqueles de outras etiologias. Esse fato pode dever-se ao maior comprometimento cardíaco (fração de ejeção mais baixa), maior instabilidade hemodinâmica (pressão sistólica e freqüência cardíaca mais baixas) e maior ativação do sistema renina angiotensina (sódio mais baixo) e das citocinas (TNF-alfa).

BACKGROUND: Heart failure is a highly prevalent disease, the prognosis of which depends on different predictive factors. OBJECTIVE: Chagas disease is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure (HF). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether this condition also predicts poor outcome in acutely decompensated patients. METHODS: Four hundred and seventeen patients admitted for decompensated heart failure were studied. Mean age was 51.8 years, and 291 (69.8%) were male. They were divided into two groups: 133 (31.9%) patients with Chagas heart disease (CH) and 284 patients with heart failure of other etiologies. Cytokine and norepinephrine plasma levels were measured in a subgroup of 63 patients (15.1% with Chagas disease). RESULTS: At admission, 24.6% of the patients needed inotropic support, and one-year mortality was 54.7%. Mortality rates were higher in the CH group (69.2% vs. 47.9%, p < 0.001). When data were compared, patients with Chagas disease were younger (47.6 vs. 53.8 years, p < 0.001) and, on average, showed lower systolic blood pressure (96.7 vs. 111.2 mmHg, p < 0,001), ejection fraction (32.7 vs. 36.4%, p < 0.001), and serum Na (134.6 vs. 136.0, p = 0.026), in addition to higher TNF-α levels (33.3 vs. 14.8, p = 0.001). The presence of hypotension requiring inotropic support, left ventricular (LV) diastolic diameter, renal function findings, and interleukin-6 and norepinephrine plasma levels did not differ between both groups. CONCLUSION: Chagas disease patients admitted with decompensated heart failure had worse prognoses than patients with heart failure of other etiologies. This may be owing to a greater degree of cardiac impairment (lower ejection fraction) and hemodynamic instability (lower systolic blood pressure and heart rate), increased activation of the renin-angiotensin system (lower sodium), and increased cytokine levels (TNF-α).

5020 downloads Cited 6 times in SciELO

Efeito favorável da terapia farmacológica otimizada da insuficiência cardíaca sobre as arritmias ventriculares
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God, Epotamenides Maria Good

; Moreira, Maria da Consolação V.

; Pereira Barretto, Antonio Carlos

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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dec 2008, Volume 91 N. 6 Pages 395 - 401

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

FUNDAMENTO: Os eventos arrítmicos ventriculares têm forte impacto na mortalidade dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. O benefício do tratamento farmacológico otimizado da insuficiência cardíaca na redução da arritmia ventricular não foi ainda muito bem documentado. OBJETIVO: Análise dos efeitos do tratamento farmacológico otimizado da insuficiência cardíaca sobre a arritmia ventricular. MÉTODOS: Estudo clínico com desenho não aleatorizado, envolvendo 85 pacientes consecutivos (coorte aberta), não selecionados, idade média de 63,8±12,2 anos, 42 homens, 43 mulheres, com diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca, classes funcionais II a IV (NYHA - New York Heart Association), FE (fração de ejeção) < 0,40, que após otimização do tratamento foram acompanhados de janeiro de 2002 a maio de 2004, quanto ao comportamento da arritmia ventricular, à admissão e ao término do estudo. RESULTADOS: No início do estudo 60% dos pacientes apresentaram mais de 1000 extra-sístoles ventriculares/24h, 100% pares e 100% taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (TVNS). Num seguimento que variou de 8 a 27 meses (20,0 + 4,8 meses) observou-se redução significativa do número total de extra-sístoles ventriculares/24h, do número de pares e do número de episódios de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (p<0,05). Observou-se também melhora da classe funcional e do desempenho ao teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Em relação à fase anterior à inclusão no estudo observou-se diminuição das internações hospitalares (4,8 hospitalizações/paciente/ano e ao término do estudo 2,7 hospitalizações/paciente/ano) (p<0,005). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento otimizado da insuficiência cardíaca diminuiu a ocorrência de arritmias ventriculares. A melhora da classe funcional, do desempenho físico e do número de hospitalizações podem ser atribuídas ao tratamento otimizado.

BACKGROUND: Ventricular arrhythmic events have a strong impact on the mortality of patients with heart failure. The benefits of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure in reducing ventricular arrhythmia have not been well documented yet. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure on ventricular arrhythmia. METHODS: This is a clinical study with a non-randomized design of 85 consecutive (open cohort) non-selected patients, with a mean age of 63.8±12.2 years; 42 were males and 43 were females. All patients had a diagnosis of heart failure (HF), NYHA Functional Class II to IV, EF < 0.40 and, after treatment optimization, they were followed from January 2002 to May 2004, regarding the ventricular arrhythmia behavior, at admission and at the end of the study. RESULTS: At the start of the study, 60% of patients presented more than 1,000 ventricular extrasystoles in 24 hours, 100% pairs and 100% nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). During a follow-up period of 8 to 27 months (20.0 + 4.8 months) a significant decrease in the total number of ventricular extrasystoles/24 hrs, number of pairs and number of NSVT episodes was observed (p<0.05). The improvement in functional class and performance at the six-minute walk test was also observed. A decrease in hospital admissions was also observed in relation to the period prior to the study inclusion (4.8 hospital admissions/patient/year and at the end of the study, 2.7 hospital admissions/patient/year) (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: The optimized treatment of HF decreased the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. The improvement in the functional class, physical performance and the decreased number of hospitalizations can be attributed to the optimized treatment of HF.

5298 downloads

10.

Avaliação nutricional subjetiva global em pacientes cardiopatas
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Yamauti, Aurea Kaoru

; Ochiai, Marcelo Eidi

; Bifulco, Paula Sofia

; Araújo, Moab Alves de

; Alonso, Rosiris Roco

; Ribeiro, Regina Helena Cunha

; Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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dec 2006, Volume 87 N. 6 Pages 772 - 777

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

OBJETIVO: Analisar a Avaliação Nutricional Subjetiva Global (ANSG) para o diagnóstico de desnutrição em pacientes cardiopatas. MÉTODOS: Em 106 pacientes hospitalizados (53 com insuficiência cardíaca), aplicou-se o questionário de ANSG com histórico nutricional (peso, dieta, sintomas gastrointestinais, capacidade funcional física e diagnóstico) e exame físico. Depois aferiram-se medidas antropométricas (peso, circunferência do braço, prega cutânea triciptal e circunferência muscular do braço). Para a avaliação objetiva dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca consideraram-se albumina sérica, contagem de linfócitos e antropometria. A curva ROC analisou sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia da ANSG em relação à avaliação objetiva. RESULTADOS: A idade dos pacientes era de 57,7 ± 15,7 anos, e a maioria era de homens (67,9%). A curva ROC indicou o escore 16 como ponto de corte da ANSG com maior sensibilidade (62,2%) e especificidade (55,7%). A área sob a curva foi de 0,601 (IC 95%: 0,487 - 0,715). A prevalência de desnutrição foi de 51,9% pela ANSG e 42,5% pela avaliação antropométrica, com acurácia de 65,3% nos homens e 44,1% nas mulheres. Nos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, a prevalência de desnutrição foi de 60,4% pela ANSG e 32,1% pela avaliação objetiva, com acurácia de 67,6% nos homens e 31,3% nas mulheres. CONCLUSÃO: A ANSG identificou maior número de desnutridos do que a avaliação objetiva. O desempenho da ANSG na identificação de desnutrição foi maior nos homens. A ANSG detectou pacientes cardiopatas com risco nutricional.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the performance of Subjective Global Assessment of Nutritional Status (SGA) in diagnosing malnutrition in patients with heart disease. METHODS: One hundred and six hospitalized patients (53 with heart failure) completed an SGA questionnaire on their nutritional history (changes in body weight, dietary intake, gastrointestinal symptoms, functional capacity, and diagnosis) and underwent physical examination. Then, anthropometric measurements were obtained (body weight, mid-arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and arm muscle circumference). Serum albumin, total lymphocyte count and anthropometric measurements were determined for the objective assessment of patients with congestive heart failure. An ROC curve was used to analyze sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of SGA compared to the objective assessment. RESULTS: Patients' age was 57.7 ± 15.7, and the majority was male (67.9%). The ROC curve showed score 16 as SGA cut-off point with the highest sensitivity (62.2%) and specificity (55.7%). The area under the curve was 0.601 (95% CI: 0.487 - 0.715). Anthropometric assessment showed malnutrition prevalence at 51.9% by SGA and 42.5% by, with accuracy of 65.3% in men and 44.1% in women. In patients with congestive heart failure, SGA assessed malnutrition prevalence was 60.4%, while objective assessment was 32.1% with accuracy of 67.6% in men and 31.3% in women. CONCLUSION: SGA detected a greater number of malnourished patients than the objective evaluation. Its performance in identifying malnutrition was better in men. It also detected cardiac patients at nutritional risk.

39582 downloads Cited 4 times in SciELO

11.

O nível sérico de NT-proBNP é um preditor prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada
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Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

; Oliveira Junior, Mucio Tavares de

; Strunz, Célia Cassaro

; Del Carlo, Carlos Henrique

; Scipioni, Airton Roberto

; Ramires, José Antonio Franchini

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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aug 2006, Volume 87 N. 2 Pages 174 - 177

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

OBJETIVO: Verificar se a dosagem de NT-proBNP seria de auxílio na predição do prognóstico de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 105 pacientes: 33 (32,0%) do ambulatório e 70 (67,9%) em classe funcional III/IV, hospitalizados para compensação cardíaca, com média de idade de 52,4 anos, dos quais, 66,6% homens. Todos tinham disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo sendo a fração de ejeção média de 0,29. Em todos dosou-se o NT-proBNP e foram acompanhados por um período de 2 a 91 dias (média 77 dias). Construiu-se a curva ROC para determinação do melhor nível de corte e curvas de sobrevida Kaplan-Meyer de acordo com esse nível. RESULTADOS: Durante o período de seguimento, 22 pacientes (20,9%) morreram. O NT-proBNP médio dos pacientes vivos foi de 6.443,67±6.071,62 pg/ml e dos que morreram foi de 14.609,66±12.165,15 pg/ml (p=0,001). A curva ROC identificou nível de corte de 6.000 pg/ml com sensibilidade de 77,3% (área da curva de 0,74). A curva de sobrevida para valores abaixo e acima de 6.000 pg/ml diferiu significantemente (p=0,002) com os pacientes com valores abaixo de 6.000 pg/ml apresentando sobrevida de 90,2% em 90 dias e os pacientes com valores superiores, sobrevida de 66,6%. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes. com IC avançada, especialmente os internados para compensação, apresentam valores muito aumentados de NT-proBNP, sendo estes duas vezes mais elevados entre os que morreram no seguimento. Valor acima de 6.000 pg/ml identifica grupo de pacientes com alta probabilidade de morrer em 90 dias após a alta hospitalar.

OBJECTIVE: To verify if the determination of NT-proBNP values would help predict the prognosis in advanced heart failure (HF) patients. METHODS: One hundred and five subjects with average age of 52.4 years were evaluated, 66.6% of them males. Thirty-three (32.0%) subjects were outpatients and 70 (67.9%) were inpatients (functional class III/IV) admitted to the hospital for cardiac compensation. All patients had left ventricular systolic dysfunction and a mean ejection fraction of 0.29. The NT-proBNP levels were measured in all patients and they were followed-up over a period from 2 to 90 days (average 77 days). A ROC curve was drawn to determine the best cut-off point, as well as the corresponding Kaplan-Meyer survival curves. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 22 patients died. The average NT-proBNP value of the patients who remained alive was 6,443.67±6,071.62 pg/ml, whereas that of those who died was 14,609.66±12,165.15 pg/ml (p=0.001). The ROC curve identified a cut-off point at 6,000 pg/ml with 77.3% sensitivity (area under the curve: 0.74). The survival curve for values below and above 6,000 pg/ml was significantly different (p=0.002): patients with values below 6,000 pg/ml had a 90.2% 90-day survival, and those patients with values above, a 66% survival. CONCLUSION: Patients with advanced HF, especially those admitted to the hospital for cardiac compensation, had much higher NT-proBNP values, with a two-fold increase among those who died during the follow-up period. Values above 6,000 pg/ml identify the patients most likely to die within 90 days after hospital discharge.

46677 downloads

12.

Escore para avaliação do estado nutricional: seu valor na estratificação prognóstica de portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada e insuficiência cardíaca avançada
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Veloso, Luiz Guilherme

; Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

; Oliveira Junior, Mucio Tavares de

; Munhoz, Robson Tadeu

; Morgado, Paulo César

; Ramires, José Antonio Franchini

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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aug 2006, Volume 87 N. 2 Pages 178 - 184

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver método de avaliação do estado nutricional do paciente através de escore que expresse o estado nutricional de maneira universal e verificar se esse escore seria eficaz na estratificação prognóstica de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada. MÉTODOS: Para compor o escore foram selecionados métodos de avaliação que procurassem quantificar forma de medida do estado nutricional: a porcentagem ideal do peso, a espessura da prega tricipital, os percentis da circunferência da massa muscular do braço, os níveis séricos de albumina, a contagem global de linfócitos. Para validá-lo, aplicou-se o escore num grupo de 95 pacientes com idade inferior a 65 anos, sem evidências de doenças consumptivas e analisou-se se esse escore manteria correlação com os dados clínicos da IC e permitiria estratificar o prognóstico. RESULTADOS: A situação nutricional esteve alterada nos pacientes e escore elevado sugerindo desnutrição moderada ou intensa foi observado em 31/95 (32,6%) dos casos. Não houve correlação entre os valores do escore nutricional, duração dos sintomas e grau de disfunção ventricular. Os pacientes com escore nutricional elevado apresentaram tendência de maior mortalidade (p=0,0606). CONCLUSÕES: Os dados sugerem que a desnutrição atinge cerca de 1/3 dos pacientes com IC avançada. Um escore que englobou cinco parâmetros de avaliação nutricional teve boa correlação com a avaliação clínica e permitiu avaliar globalmente a desnutrição de portadores de IC. Escore superior a 8 identificou pacientes com maior probabilidade de morrer, confirmando que pacientes mais desnutridos têm pior evolução.

OBJECTIVE: Develop a method for the evaluation of patient’s nutritional status through a score that expresses universal nutritional status, as well as investigate if that score would be efficient for the prognostic stratification of advanced heart failure (HF) pts. METHODS: The score was reached by the selection of evaluation methods that would quantify nutritional status: ideal body weight percentage, thickness of tricipital skinfold, percentiles for arm muscular mass circumference, albumin serum level, lymphocyte total count. In order to be validated, the score was applied to a group of 95 pts. Pts were under 65 years old no evidence of consumptive diseases. The score was analyzed to confirm whether it would keep correlation with HF clinical data and whether it would stratify its prognostic. RESULTS: Nutritional status suggesting moderate or severe malnutrition could be observed in 31/95 (32.6%). No correlation was found between nutritional score values and the duration of symptoms, or the level of ventricular dysfunction. Pts with high nutritional score showed a trend towards higher mortality rate (p=0.0606). CONCLUSION: Those data suggest malnutrition is reported by 1/3 of pts with advanced HF. A score comprising 5 parameters for nutritional status showed good correlation with the clinical, global evaluation of pts with HF. A score over 8 identified pts with higher probability of death as outcome, confirming that pts under higher malnutrition exhibit worse evolution.

4480 downloads Cited 3 times in SciELO

13.

Síndrome da classe econômica após longas viagens de ônibus
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Oliveira Jr, Múcio Tavares de

; Faveri, Marcelo de

; Farias, Cíntia Mara Rodrigues

; Mansur, Alfredo José

; Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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may 2006, Volume 86 N. 5 Pages 388 - 389

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Homem de 65 anos com insuficiência cardíaca causada por hipertensão e cardiopatia isquêmica foi internado com dispnéia, escarro sanguinolento e dor pleurítica após uma viagem de ônibus com duração de 52 horas. A avaliação clínica e laboratorial incluiu tomografia helicoidal do tórax, que demonstrou um defeito de enchimento do principal ramo da artéria pulmonar direita e uma opacidade periférica regular de formato triangular no lobo inferior da parte inferior do pulmão. Após o diagnóstico de tromboembolia pulmonar, foi instituída terapia com heparina, seguida por varfarina. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar. O diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar deve ser levado em consideração em pacientes com sintomas semelhantes aos deste paciente após longa viagem de ônibus.

A 65 year-old man with heart failure due to hypertensive and ischemic heart disease was admitted to the hospital with dyspnea, bloody sputum and pleuritic chest pain after a 52-hour bus trip. Clinical and laboratory evaluation included chest helical tomography that demonstrated a filling defect of the right main branch of the pulmonary artery and a regular peripheral opacity of triangular shape in the inferior lobe of the lower lung. The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism was made and therapy with heparin, followed by warfarin was introduced. The patient was discharged from the hospital. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism should be considered in patients with complaints like this patient after long-distance bus travel.

5413 downloads

14.

ProBNP for stratifying patients with heart failure
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Pereira-Barretto, Antonio Carlos

; Oliveira Jr, Mucio Tavares de

; Franco, Fabio Gazellato

; Cassaro-Strunz, Célia

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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sep 2003, Volume 81 N. 3 Pages 244 - 248

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether the serum levels of N-Terminal ProBNP fraction (ProBNP) allow us to identify with accuracy the clinical functional status of patients with heart failure (HF), because the clinical diagnosis of this syndrome is based basically on clinical data when the complementary tests have lower specificity. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with a history of HF were studied. Their mean age of was 53.5 years and 78.3% were males. All underwent clinical and echocardiographic evaluations and a test to determine the serum dosage of ProBNP. According to clinical manifestation, patients were in the following functional classes (FC), 14% FC I, 40.6% FC II, 28.1% FC III, and 23.4% FC IV. The mean ejection fraction (EF) was 0.28. RESULTS: ProBNP did not differ according to age, sex, and cause of cardiopathy. No correlation existed between EF and the ProBNP serum level. ProBNP levels were significantly lower in patients in FC I than those in FC II (42 vs 326.7 pmol/L; P=0.0001), and in FC II than those in FC III (P=0.01). ProBNP levels did not differ statically between FC III and IV patients (888.1 vs 1082.8 pmol/L; P=0.25). ProBNP values greater than 100 pmol/L identify patients with decompensated HF with a sensitivity of 98%. CONCLUSION: ProBNP values over 100 pmol/L were indicative of HF, and patients with advanced HF had values over 270 pmol/L. A ProBNP dosage test was an excellent auxiliary in the clinical characterization of patients with HF.

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15.

Peripheral arterial embolism. Report of hospitalized cases
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Pereira Barretto, Antonio Carlos

; Nobre, Moacyr Roberto Cuce

; Mansur, Alfredo José

; Scipioni, Aírton

; Ramires, José Antonio Franchini

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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apr 2000, Volume 74 N. 4 Pages 324 - 328

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the frequency of peripheral embolisms, the underlying heart disease,triggering factors, the sites of the emboli, and evolution of the patients. METHODS: We analyzed 29 cases of peripheral arterial embolism out of a total of 20,211 hospitalizations in a cardiology center in the city of São Paulo. The age was 51.89±18.66 years, and 15 were males. RESULTS: Embolism in the right lower limb occurred in 18 patients (62.0%),in the left lower 11(37.9%) and right upper 3 (10.3%) limbs, and in the left arm (1). Four patients had embolism in two limbs. The heart disease, mitral valvar heart disease (9 patients - 31.0%); infective endocarditis (7- 24.1%); dilated cardiomyopathy (6 - 20.6%); ischemic coronary heart disease (6 patients - 20.6%); and one patient with cor pulmonale. Atrial fibrillation was observed in 20 patients (68.9%), chronic in 12 patients (41.3% ) and acute in 8 (27.5%). All patients with mitral valvar heart disease had atrial fibrillation, chronic in 8 patients (88.8%); patients with cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease, 4 in each group had atrial fibrillation, acute in 60% of the patients.Patients with infective endocarditis, 3 had staphylococcus and 2 Gram-negative bacteria. In the follow-up, 2 patients (6.8%) required limbs amputation, and 5 (17.2%) died due to embolism. CONCLUSION: Most of the time, embolism does not cause permanent complications. Our data highlight the importance of anticoagulation for patients acute atrial fibrillation in myocardial dysfunction and for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation in cases of mitral valvar heart disease to prevent peripheral embolism.

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