ABSTRACT. This study was carried out in an Atlantic forest remnant in Southeastern Brazil and aimed to spatially model the soil water content (SWC) and net precipitation (NP) on a monthly time scale and to assess the spatial behavior of these hydrological variables in the different seasons. NP is defined by summing throughfall and stemflow, which have been collected after each rain event and accumulated monthly. Soil moisture measurements were carried out monthly up to a depth of 1.00 m and then integrated to obtain the SWC. The exponential semivariogram model was fitted for both hydrological variables, and the goodness-of-fit was assessed by a cross-validation procedure, spatial dependence degree (SDD) and spatial dependence index (SDI). This model provided adequate performance for SWC and NP mapping according to the cross-validation statistics. Based on the SDD, both variables have been classified as a ‘strong spatial dependence structure’. Nevertheless, when the SDI was assessed, NP showed less spatial dependence, while the SWC maintained almost the same performance. Kriging maps pictured the regional climate seasonality due to higher values of both variables in spring and summer than in autumn and winter seasons. However, correlations between NP and SWC are not expressive in the studied period.

ABSTRACT The rainfall-forest canopy interaction can impact on the chemical and physical rain-water features and is expected that different forests will have different effects on throughfall rain-water quality parameters. This study aimed (i) to compare chemical and physical rain-water quality variables observed in both gross precipitation and throughfall measured in two different forest stands (Atlantic semideciduous forest remnant - AFR, and a Eucalyptus urograndis plantation - EUP). Each stand was monitored with 8 internal rain-gauges and one external rain-gauge, encompassing the period from March 2015 to March 2016. The results pointed out a seasonal behavior of chemical and physical rain-water variables. Gross precipitation and throughfall presented different behaviors for pH, NH3, NH4+ and Ca hardness for AFR, and NH3, NH4 +, Phosphate, Chloride, Ca hardness, Total Dissolved Solids and Conductivity for EUP. Besides, significant differences between the stands were found in terms of throughfall indicators for some of the rainfall events, remarkably NH3 and NH4 + which were always higher at AFR. Our findings reinforce that trees and forests promote rain water enrichment with nutrients, performing key role on environmental services such as nutrient water and air pollution mitigation.

RESUMO: A maioria dos plantios de bananeira são realizados utilizando mudas tradicionais do tipo chifre e rizomas. Outros métodos de propagação, como a micropropagação, vêm sendo desenvolvidos e aperfeiçoados com fim a elevar a taxa de multiplicação em curto espaço de tempo e melhorar a qualidade fitossanitária das mudas. Contudo, a contaminação por bactérias e fungos é um dos maiores problemas dessa técnica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a desinfestação in vitro utilizando concentrações de cloro ativo em explantes de bananeira 'Farta Velhaco'. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado constituído de cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo cada uma destas representada por cinco explantes em diferentes concentrações de cloro ativo durante vinte minutos, quais sejam: T1 - testemunha sem cloro ativo; T2 - 0,5% de cloro ativo; T3 - 1,0% de cloro ativo; T4 - 1,5% de cloro ativo; e T5 - 2% de cloro ativo. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de contaminação por bactérias e fungos, como também a porcentagem de oxidação dos explantes. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variância e de regressão. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a maior eficiência dentre os tratamentos testados foi o de imersão dos explantes em 1% de cloro ativo, o qual proporcionou redução em 95% e 90%, respectivamente, para bactérias e fungos e 60% dos explantes oxidados. Concluiu-se que essa concentração pode ser utilizada para o controle de contaminações para micropropagação de bananeira ´Farta Velhaco'.

ABSTRACT: Most banana plantations are still made using traditional clones per type horn and rhizomes. Other propagation methods such as micropropagation have been developed and perfected to raise the rate of multiplication in a short time and improve the health status of the seedlings. However, contamination by bacteria and fungi is one of the biggest problems of this technique. The aim was to evaluate the in vitro disinfestation using active chlorine concentrations of banana explants 'Farta Velhaco'. The experimental design used was completely randomized consisting of five treatments and five repetition, each replicate represented by five explants in different concentrations of active chlorine for twenty minutes: T1 - without active chlorine, T2 - 0.5% active chlorine, T3 - 1.0% of active chlorine, T4 - 1.5% active chlorine and T5 - 2% active chlorine. The percentages of contamination by bacteria and fungi as well as the percentage of oxidation of the explants were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. The results showed that the highest efficiency among the tested treatments was the immersion of explants in 1% of active chlorine that caused a reduction in 95% and 90% respectively for bacteria and fungi and 60% of explants oxidation. It was concluded that this concentration can be used to control contamination for micropropagation of banana 'Farta Velhaco'.

A micropropagação vem sendo desenvolvida e aperfeiçoada para elevar a taxa de multiplicação de plantas em curto espaço de tempo e melhorar a qualidade da produção de mudas. Contudo, a contaminação microbiana é um dos maiores problemas desta técnica. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência da descontaminação de explantes de bananeira durante o estabelecimento in vitro, com o uso dos antibióticos ampicilina sódica e cloranfenicol adicionados ao meio de cultura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado constituído de cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo cada repetição representada por cinco explantes em diferentes concentrações de ampicilina sódica e cloranfenicol por vinte minutos. Os antibióticos foram adicionados separadamente ao meio de cultura em concentrações de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 mg L-1. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste F e análise de regressão. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de contaminação por bactérias, fungos e oxidação dos explantes. Os resultados permitiram concluir que os antibióticos apresentaram controle sobre contaminantes endógenos nos explantes de banana 'Thap maeo'. A concentração de 20 mg L-1 dos antibióticos ampicilina sódica e cloranfenicol proporcionou redução de 70% na infecção por bactérias e fungos.

Micropropagation has been developed to enhance the multiplication rate in a short time and improve seedling quality. However, microbial contamination is a major problem in micropropagation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of decontamination of banana explants during in vitro establishment with the addition of the antibiotics sodium ampicillin and chloramphenicol to the culture medium. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, consisting of five treatments and five replicates. Each replicate consisted of five explants in different concentrations of sodium ampicillin and chloramphenicol for twenty minutes. Antibiotics were added separately to the culture medium at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L-1. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the means were compared by F test and regression analyses. We evaluated the percentage of contamination by bacteria, fungi and oxidation of the explants. The results showed that antibiotics had control over endogenous contaminants in 'Thap maeo' banana explants. The concentration of 20 mg L-1 of each antibiotic reduced in 70% the incidence of bacteria and fungi.

A maioria dos plantios de bananeira ainda é realizada utilizando mudas tradicionais, mas outros métodos de propagação, como a micropropagação in vitro, vêm sendo desenvolvidos e aperfeiçoados, para elevar a taxa de multiplicação em curto espaço de tempo e melhorar a qualidade da produção de mudas. Contudo, a contaminação é um dos maiores problemas desta técnica. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência da descontaminação de explantes de bananeira com o uso de diferentes concentrações de cloro ativo durante a assepsia do explante. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado e constituído de cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo cada repetição representada por 5 explantes em diferentes concentrações de cloro ativo, sendo: T1 (testemunha, sem cloro ativo); T2 (0,5%); T3 (1,0%); T4 (1,5%), e T5 (2%). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a maior eficiência dentre os tratamentos testados foi a imersão dos explantes em hipoclorito de sódio com 2% de cloro ativo, sendo as doses testadas não tóxicas aos explantes, permitindo o desenvolvimento normal dos mesmos, concluindo assim que essa concentração possa ser utilizada para o controle de contaminações para micropropagação de bananeira cv. Grande Naine.

Brazil is one of the world largest producers of bananas, with a planted and harvested area of 504.586 ha in 2006 (IBGE, 2008). Most of the banana plantations are still cultivated using the traditional rooted young plants, but other methods of propagation such as in vitro micropropagation are constantly being developed and improved, to increase the multiplication rate in short time and to improve the quality of the seedlings production. However, contamination is a major problem of this technique. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of decontamination of banana explants, using different concentrations of active chlorine during the sterilization of the explants. The experimental design was randomized and consisted of five treatments and five repetitions, each one of 5 explants, at different concentrations of active chlorine, T1 (control) without active chlorine, T2 (0,5%), T3 (1,0%), T4 (1.5%) and T5 (2%). The contaminations were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results showed that the highest efficiency among the treatments was the immersion of explants in sodium hypochlorite solution with 2% active chlorine, and the doses tested were not toxic to the explants, allowing normal development of them, thus concluding that concentration can be used to control contamination in banana micropropagation.