ABSTRACT Objectives: to compare exclusive breastfeeding prevalence versus artificial feeding in newborns of mothers with COVID-19. Methods: a systematic review of prevalence, according to JBI. Searches in PubMed®, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS and Web of Science™ databases in August 2021. Cross-sectional, longitudinal or cohort studies were selected, without language and time limitations that showed breastfeeding prevalence or that allowed calculation. Results: fifteen articles published in 2020 and 2021, cohort (60%) or cross-sectional (40%) were analyzed. The average of exclusive breastfeeding in mothers with COVID-19 was 56.76% (CI=39.90–72.88), and artificial breastfeeding, 43.23% (CI = 30.99 – 55.88), without statistically significant differences. Conclusions: despite the recommendations for maintaining breastfeeding, there was a reduction worldwide, when compared to periods prior to the pandemic. With advances in science, these rates have improved, showing the impact of evidence on practices. As limitations, study sources are cited. It is recommended to carry out new studies. PROSPERO registration CRD42021234486.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comparar la prevalencia de lactancia materna exclusiva versus alimentación artificial en recién nacidos de madres con COVID-19. Métodos: revisión sistemática de prevalencia, según JBI. Búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed®, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS y Web of Science™ en agosto de 2021. Se seleccionaron estudios transversales, longitudinales o de cohortes, sin limitaciones de idioma y tiempo que mostraran prevalencia de lactancia materna o que permitieran calcular. Resultados: se analizaron 15 artículos publicados en 2020 y 2021, de cohorte (60%) o transversal (40%). El promedio de lactancia materna exclusiva en madres con COVID-19 fue 56,76% (IC=39,90-72,88), y lactancia artificial, 43,23% (IC = 30,99 – 55,88), sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: a pesar de las recomendaciones de mantener la lactancia materna, hubo una reducción a nivel mundial, en comparación con períodos previos a la pandemia. Con los avances de la ciencia, estas tasas han mejorado, mostrando el impacto de la evidencia en las prácticas. Como limitaciones se citan las fuentes del estudio. Se recomienda realizar nuevos estudios. Registro PROSPERO CRD42021234486.

RESUMO Objetivos: comparar as prevalências de aleitamento materno exclusivo versus aleitamento artificial em recém-nascidos de mães com COVID-19. Métodos: revisão sistemática de prevalência, segundo JBI. Buscas nas bases PubMed®, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS e Web of Science™ em agosto de 2021. Selecionados estudos transversais, longitudinais ou coortes, sem limitação de idioma e tempo que apresentavam prevalência de aleitamento materno ou que permitissem o cálculo. Resultados: 15 artigos publicados em 2020 e 2021, coortes (60%) ou transversais (40%) foram analisados. A média de aleitamento materno exclusivo em mães com COVID-19 foi 56,76% (IC=39,90–72,88), e artificial, de 43,23% (IC = 30,99 – 55,88), sem diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Conclusões: apesar das recomendações para a manutenção do aleitamento materno, houve redução mundialmente, quando comparados à períodos anteriores à pandemia. Com avanços da ciência, esses índices têm melhorado, mostrando o impacto das evidências nas práticas. Como limitações, citam-se fontes dos estudos. Recomenda-se realização de novos estudos. Registro PROSPERO CRD42021234486.

ABSTRACT Introduction: By July 2023, Brazil had administered approximately 540 million COVID-19 vaccine doses. This study aimed to quantify wasted doses resulting from dead space in vaccine supplies. Methods: The vaccine supply was initially weighed, filled with distilled water, and expelled to simulate administration. Weighing it again after the application determined the dead space volume. Descriptive analyses calculated the waste rate/wasted dose count. Results: The estimated total number of wasted vaccine doses using supplies with the lowest dead space was 62,097,338. Conclusions: Syringe dead space is a crucial factor in dose wastage, directly influencing the number of wasted doses.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the effectiveness of different diagnostic methods to estimate postpartum blood volume loss. Methods: a systematic review of effectiveness according to PRISMA and JBI Protocol. Searches in PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL, with descriptor “Postpartum Hemorrhage” associated with keyword “Quantification of Blood Loss”. Tabulated extracted data, presented in metasynthesis and meta-analysis was applied to quantitative data. To assess risk of bias, JBI Appraisal Tools were applied. Results: fourteen studies were included, published between 2006 and 2021. Quantification of loss by any method was superior to visual estimation and is highly recommended, however the studies’ high heterogeneity did not allow estimating this association. Conclusion: the studies’ high heterogeneity, with a probable margin of error given the uncontrolled factors, indicates the need for further studies, however quantification proved to be effective in relation to visual estimate. PROSPERO registration CRD 42021234486.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar la efectividad de diferentes métodos diagnósticos para estimar la pérdida de volumen sanguíneo posparto. Métodos: revisión sistemática de efectividad según PRISMA y Protocolo JBI. Búsquedas en bases de datos: PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science y CINAHL, con el descriptor “Postpartum Hemorrhage” asociado a la palabra clave “Quantification of Blood Loss”. Los datos extraídos tabulados fueron presentados en metasíntesis y metanálisis se aplicaron a los datos cuantitativos. Para evaluar el riesgo de sesgo, se aplicaron las herramientas de evaluación de JBI. Resultados: se incluyeron 14 estudios, publicados entre 2006 y 2021. La cuantificación de pérdida por cualquier método fue superior a la estimación visual y es muy recomendable, sin embargo, la alta heterogeneidad de los estudios no permitió estimar esta asociación. Conclusión: la alta heterogeneidad de los estudios, con probable margen de error dado el descontrol de los factores, indica la necesidad de más estudios, sin embargo la cuantificación demostró ser efectiva en relación a la estimación visual. Registro PRÓSPERO CRD 42021234486.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a efetividade de diferentes métodos diagnósticos para estimar a perda volêmica sanguínea pós-parto. Métodos: revisão sistemática de efetividade, de acordo com protocolo PRISMA e JBI. Buscas nas bases PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science e CINAHL, com o descritor “Postpartum Hemorrhage” associado à palavra-chave “Quantification of Blood Loss”. Dados extraídos tabulados, apresentados em metassíntese, e aplicou-se metanálise para dados quantitativos. Para avaliar o risco de viés, aplicou-se o JBI Appraisal Tools. Resultados: incluídos 14 estudos, publicados entre 2006 e 2021. A quantificação da perda por qualquer método apresentou superioridade em relação à estimativa visual, sendo altamente recomendada, porém a alta heterogeneidade dos estudos não permitiu estimar essa associação. Conclusão: a alta heterogeneidade dos estudos, com provável margem de erro dado aos fatores não controlados, indica a necessidade de realização de novos estudos, contudo a quantificação se mostrou efetiva em relação à estimativa visual. Registro PROSPERO CRD 42021234486.

Abstract Background: Triatomines are blood-feeding arthropods belonging to the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera; Reduviidae), capable of producing immunomodulatory and water-soluble molecules in their hemolymph, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this work, we evaluated the antifungal and immunomodulatory activity of the hemolymph of Meccus pallidipennis (MPH) and Rhodnius prolixus (RPH) against Cryptococcus neoformans. Methods: We assessed the activity of the hemolymph of both insects on fungal growth by a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Further, RAW 264.7 macrophages were cultivated with hemolymph and challenged with C. neoformans. Then, their phagocytic and killing activities were assessed. The cytokines MCP-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-6 were measured in culture supernatants 4- and 48-hours post-infection. Results: Both hemolymph samples directly affected the growth rate of the fungus in a dose-dependent manner. Either MPH or RPH was capable of inhibiting fungal growth by at least 70%, using the lowest dilution (1:20). Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with hemolymph of both insects was capable of increasing the production of MCP-I and TNF-α. In addition, when these cells were stimulated with hemolymph in the presence of C. neoformans, a 2- and a 4-fold increase in phagocytic rate was observed with MPH and RPH, respectively, when compared to untreated cells. For the macrophage killing activity, MPH decreased in approximately 30% the number of viable yeasts inside the cells compared to untreated control; however, treatment with RPH could not reduce the total number of viable yeasts. MPH was also capable of increasing MHC-II expression on macrophages. Regarding the cytokine production, MCP-I and TNF-α, were increased in the supernatant of macrophages treated with both hemolymphs, 4 and 48 hours after stimulation. Conclusion: These results suggested that hemolymph of triatomines may represent a source of molecules capable of presenting antifungal and immunomodulatory activity in macrophages during fungal infection.

ABSTRACT Background: Domestic pigeons carry pathogens in their droppings, posing a potential public health problem. Methods: The phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistances of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium in the feces of urban pigeons near hospitals with intensive care units were measured. Results: Twenty-nine samples showed Enterococcus growth, whereas one was positive for S. aureus. The S. aureus isolate was sensitive to the antibiotics tested via antibiogram, however resistance genes were identified. E. faecium isolates showed phenotypic resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: Antimicrobial profiles harmful to health were demonstrated in bacterial pathogens isolated from the external environment of hospitals.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram diagnosticar Aelurostrongylus abstrusus por meio das técnicas de histologia e impressão de tecido pulmonar de gato doméstico e realizar a caracterização morfométrica de ovos e mórulas desse nematódeo. Pela histologia, os ovos (n=100) mediram, em média, 83,4 x 65,5mim, índice morfométrico (IM) 0,8 e as mórulas (n=100) mediram, em média, 45,4 x 31,8mim, IM 0,7. Pela impressão de pulmão, os ovos (n=100) mediram, em média, 105,3 x 93,6mim, IM 0,9, e as mórulas (n=100) mediram, em média, 43,1 x 36,5mim, IM 0,8. A utilização da técnica de impressão de tecido permitiu a observação das mesmas formas parasitárias visualizadas histologicamente. Os resultados sugerem a viabilidade da utilização dessa técnica no diagnóstico pós-morte de A. abstrusus.

The aim of this work was the diagnose of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus using histological techniques and lung tissue imprint, performing also morfometric characterization of the eggs and the morule of this nematode. When observed in histological sections, the mean size of the eggs (n=100) was 83,4 x 65,5mum, morphometric index (MI) 0,8, and the mean size of the morule (n=100) was 45,4 x 31,8mum, MI 0,7. When observed in the lung tissue imprint, the mean size of the eggs (n=100) was 105,3 x 93,6mum, MI 0,9 and the mean size of the morule (n=100) was 43,1 x 36,5mum, MI 0,8. The lung tissue imprint employed allowed the observation of the same parasitic forms visualized in histological sections. The results suggest the viability of using this technique for the pós-morte diagnostic of A. abstrusus.