ABSTRACT Background: Clay extraction sites result from mining activities they present sterile, compacted and low-nutrient soils. They have been housing eucalypts crops for wood production. Their management, together with green manure inoculated with symbiont microorganisms, can increase the efficiency of nutrient uptake and reduce the need for chemical fertilization. The aim of the present study is to assess the growth and uptake of macronutrients by Eucalyptus grandis seedlings grown in substrate from clay extraction sites, based on intercropping system farming, with green manure inoculated with rhizobia and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs). The experiment followed a completely randomized design, with three repetitions, and the following treatments: cultivation of eucalypt (no intercropping) inoculated, or not, with AMFs; eucalypt intercropping system with Canavalia ensiformis Lam. or Canavalia brasiliensis Mart ex Benth., inoculated, or not, with AMF´s and/or rhizobia. Isolates of the symbiont microorganism were collected from spontaneous plants grown in clay extraction-site soils. Eucalypt seedlings and green manure were grown, together, in 6 L pots filled with substrate from clay extraction sites. Green manure shoot was cut 45 days after cultivation and eucalypt was harvested 60 days after it. Results: Inoculation with AMF´s+ rhizobia reduced the C:N ratio and increased N and P acquisition by C. ensiformis. Conclusions: Inoculation of native AMFs from the clay extraction site was effective in boosting the growth and nutrient acquisition of eucalypt plants grown in this substrate, in cultivation intercropped, or not, with C. ensiformis or C. brasiliensis. It also reduced visible symptoms of nutritional deficiency. Ca, Mg and K concentration in eucalypt plants was not changed by green manure cultivation or by inoculation with AMFs or rhizobia.

Abstract Oral cancer represents a public health issue because of its high mortality rate, resulting mainly from diagnostic delays. Insufficient training in oral diagnosis is usually perceived by dentists. Distance learning could be used as an auxiliary tool to bridge that gap. This study evaluated the impact of a distance learning course on oral mucosal lesion diagnosis offered to public healthcare dentists. Participants of an online course answered a pretest/posttest comprising clinical images of 30 clinical cases. Participants were questioned about the diagnosis and informed their decision on the cases (referring the cases to a specialist or managing them themselves), as a parameter of perceived self-efficacy. A total of 442 dentists enrolled in the course. Their pass rate was 97%. Classification of the nature of the lesions, diagnostic hypotheses, sensitivity, and specificity improved by 13.4%, 10.0%, 13.4%, and 6.6%, respectively (p<0.01, Wilcoxon test). Regarding management, there was a 16.6% reduction in the intention to refer cases, while confidence in the diagnosis of benign lesions increased by 40%. A distance learning course may be useful in continuing education actions for primary care dentists, improving their diagnostic abilities and encouraging them in the management of oral lesions. Moreover, this strategy could contribute to disseminating knowledge to remote regions, particularly among primary health care professionals.

Abstract This paper intends to describe the demand for referrals to the stomatology service requested by the medical teams for inpatients in a reference hospital in the south of Brazil. This research is a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study focusing on data collection and assessment of information about referrals to the stomatology unit carried out from January 2008 to December 2018. All information was obtained from the hospital management software database, then transferred and analyzed individually for descriptive statistics. A total of 4433 cases were referred to the stomatology team, with an average of 403 cases by year. Hematology/hemato-oncology (37.3%) was the specialty asking for the majority of the referrals, followed by Oncology (20.4%) and Pneumology (8.2%). The mean patients’ profile was males (55.5%), receiving a diagnosis of oral mucositis (43.5%), and with the first and second decades of life being the most prevalent ones (34.9%), with a mean age of 34.8±22.3 years. The most common treatment performed by the stomatology team was the photobiomodulation therapy (44.8%). This retrospective study demonstrated the important profile of the stomatological care in hospitalized patients from a specific hospital, especially referred by the hematology/hemato-oncology team. These results evidenced the importance of the stomatology specialty in the hospital environment.

RESUMO A associação de biochar a adubos verdes no cultivo de mamoeiro pode ser uma técnica de manejo promissora, principalmente em sua primeira fase de cultivo. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de biochar e adubo verde (Mucuna aterrina) no crescimento e nutrição de mudas de Carica Papaya e na fertilidade do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados (5 blocos), em esquema fatorial 2 x 2: presença e ausência de mucuna e presença e ausência de biochar. No crescimento da parte aérea e das raízes do mamoeiro, e também nas características químicas do solo, a aplicação de biochar ou mucuna resultou em incrementos significativos, enquanto a aplicação conjunta não proporcionou efeitos sinergísticos, exceto para o teor foliar de P. A aplicação de biochar e de biochar + adubo verde proporcionou rápido crescimento inicial em altura das plantas. No entanto, apresentou, também, deficiência visível de N, apesar dos maiores conteúdos e eficiência de utilização de N, P, K, Ca e Mg nas plantas. O efeito da aplicação conjunta de biochar e mucuna é sinérgico para o teor foliar de P e altura das plantas. A aplicação individual ou em conjunto de biochar e mucuna aumenta o crescimento e nutrição de plantas de mamão e mantém a fertilidade do solo.

ABSTRACT The association between biochar and green manure in the papaya crop may be a promising management technique, mainly in its first growth stage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of biochar and green manure (Mucuna aterrina) on the growth and nutrition of Carica papaya seedlings, as well as on soil fertility. The experiment followed a randomized block design (5 blocks), in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: with and without mucuna and with and without biochar. The biochar or mucuna application significantly increased the papaya plant shoot and root growth, as well as the chemical features of the soil, whereas their joint application did not provide synergistic effects, except for the leaf P concentration. The application of biochar and biochar + mucuna enabled a fast initial increase in plant height. However, it also showed a visible N deficiency, despite the increased N, P, K, Ca and Mg accumulation and use efficiency in the plants. The effect of the biochar/mucuna joint application is synergistic for the leaf P content and plant height. The individual or joint application of biochar and mucuna increases the papaya plant growth and nutrition and maintains the soil fertility.

ABSTRACT Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don (Madagascar periwinkle) belongs to the Apocynaceace family and is widely spread throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The plant produces several important alkaloids, such as ajmalicine and serpentine, which are used in the treatment of circulatory diseases. The potential of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen fertilization to enhance the production of alkaloids was investigated in periwinkle. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and N fertilizer dosages on plant growth, production of ajmalicine, and nutrient content in roots. The concentration of ajmalicine was determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four microbiological treatments (control - without mycorrhiza; Claroideoglomus etunicatum; Rhizophagus intraradices; mixed inoculum - Rhizophagus clarus + Gigaspora margarita), and four N fertilizer dosages (15, 30, 60, and 120 mg kg-1) with four replications. Catharanthus roseus growth was higher when plants were inoculated with mixed inoculum (R. intraradices + G. margarita) and C. etunicatum. The mixed inoculum (R. intraradices + G. margarita) and C. etunicatum, combined with N fertilization, enhanced ajmalicine yield. Catharanthus roseus inoculated with mycorrhiza showed increased P absorption and reduced N content.

ABSTRACT Mining activities generally affect soil quality, degrading it and creating the need for consistent environmental recovery efforts. This study evaluates the influence of monospecific and mixed stands of Sesbania virgata (S) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E) on the chemical properties and microbial activity of the soil in a degraded area by clay extraction in the northern part of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Four treatments (100S:100 % Sesbania , 100E: 00 % Eucalyptus , 50S:50E: 50 % Sesbania + 50 % Eucalyptus , and DASV: a degraded area with spontaneous vegetation) were established according to a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Samples were collected in the 0.00-0.10 m layer in the rainy season (March) and the dry season (September). The properties evaluated were pH in water; contents of P, K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , H+Al, N, and C; C/N ratio; total microbial activity (soil respiration - CO 2 emission); and total enzymatic activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis). The reforestation of degraded areas by clay mining with the species S. virgata and E. camaldulensis either in monospecific or mixed stands increased the nutrient contents, C levels, and total microbial activity in the soil. It was possible to separate the planting systems (100S, 100E, 50S:50E) and the DASV using principal component analysis. In both seasons, soil C contents, chemical properties, and biological variables improved in the planted areas, in contrast with the DASV. The revegetation of degraded areas by mining improved the chemical and biological properties of the soil, leading to higher soil quality in revegetated areas compared to degraded areas with natural vegetation.

RESUMO A revegetação de áreas de extração de argila com eucalipto e leguminosas pode favorecer a melhoria dos atributos químicos do solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de plantios puros e consorciados de leguminosas e eucalipto na fertilidade do solo e nos teores de carbono orgânico total e das substâncias húmicas, em uma cava de extração de argila no Norte Fluminense. O solo original da área da cava em estudo é um Cambissolo Háplico Sódico gleico, no qual a camada superficial (espessura de 20 cm, aproximadamente), com maiores teores de matéria orgânica, foi retirada e devolvida ao fundo da cava após a extração da argila. A cava foi nivelada mecanicamente e mantida sob pousio durante dois anos. A revegetação foi realizada com as espécies Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Euc), Acacia mangium (Ac) eSesbania virgata (Sesb), em plantios puros e consorciados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com sete tratamentos (plantios puros de Euc, Ac e Sesb; plantios consorciados de Euc + Ac, Euc + Sesb, Ac + Sesb; e área degradada com vegetação espontânea (ADVE)) e três repetições. Aos 48 meses após implantação dos sistemas foram coletadas amostras de solo na camada de 0,00 a 0,05 m, em que se avaliaram algumas variáveis da fertilidade do solo (pH em água, P, K+; Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, Al+3, H+Al), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio (N) e quantificado o carbono das substâncias húmicas em carbono da humina (C-HUM), carbono da fração ácido húmico (C-FAH) e ácido fúlvico (C-FAF). Observou-se que todos os plantios promoveram aumentos nos teores Ca, Mg, P, K, N, COT, C-HUM, C-FAH e C-FAF em relação à ADVE. A revegetação de áreas de cava de extração de argila no Norte Fluminense com plantios puros ou consorciados de eucalipto e leguminosas, acarreta em melhorias da fertilidade do solo e dos teores de carbono e nitrogênio totais do solo e do carbono das substâncias húmicas. Aos quatro anos após a revegetação, os sistemas mais indicados, de uma forma geral, para acarretar em aumentos dos teores de COT, N total, Mg, soma de bases e capacidade de troca catiônica, destaca-se o plantio de acácia, dentre os plantios puros, e o plantio de eucalipto + sesbânia, dentre os plantios consorciados. Além disso, o consórcio eucalipto + sesbânia, apresentou um dos maiores teores C da fração humina.

ABSTRACT The revegetation of areas of clay extraction with eucalypt and legumes can promote the improvement of soil chemical atributtes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pure plantations and intercropping of legumes and eucalypt on soil fertility and the content of total organic carbon and humic substances, in a mining digging clay in North Fluminense. The original soil dig area under study is a Inceptsol where the surface layer (thickness of 20 cm approximately), with higher concentrations of organic matter was removed and returned to the bottom of the dig after the extraction of clay. The dig was leveled mechanically and kept under fallow for two years. Revegetation was performed with the species Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Euc),Acacia mangium (Ac) and Sesbania virgata(Sesb), in pure and intercropped. The experimental design was a randomized block design with seven treatments (pure stands of Euc, Ac and Sesb; Intercropping of Euc + Ac + Euc Sesb, Ac + Sesb, and degraded area with natural vegetation (DANV)) and three replications. At 48 months after implantation of the systems were sampled soil layer from 0.00 to 0.05 m, which evaluated some variables of soil fertility (pH, P, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, Al+3, H + Al), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (N) and quantified the carbon of humic substances in the humin carbon (C-HUM), humic acid carbon (C-FAH ) and fulvic acid (C-FAF). It was observed that all stands promoted increases in the concentration Ca, Mg, P, K, N, TOC, HUM C-C-C-FAF and HAF relative to DANV. The revegetation of areas of mining digging clay in North Fluminense pure stands or mixed with eucalypt and legumes, leads to improvements in soil fertility and carbon and total soil nitrogen and carbon of humic substances. At four years after revegetation systems are indicated, in general, to result in increases in TOC, total N, Mg, sum of bases and cation exchange capacity, there is the planting of acacia plantations among pure, and the planting of eucalypt + sesbania, among Intercropping. In addition, the consortium eucalypt + sesbania, presented one of the highest levels of C humin fraction.

A composição de comunidades e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores como o clima, a biota do solo e as plantas hospedeiras. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da revegetação de uma cava de extração de argila com Sesbania virgata (SV) em plantios puro e consorciado com Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) e Acacia mangium (AM), na composição e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), bem como na quantidade da proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina (PSRG). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (plantio puro de SV - 100SV; consórcio de SV + EC - 50SV:50EC; consórcio de SV + AM - 50SV:50AM; e área degradada com vegetação espontânea - ADVE), com três repetições. A revegetação da cava de extração de argila com SV, em plantios puro ou consorciado, reduziu a abundância de esporos e a dominância de espécies (Índice de Simpson - IDS) e aumentou a riqueza de espécies de FMAs e o índice de diversidade de Shannon e Wiener. Além disso, aumentou a quantidade de proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina, quando comparada a área degradada com vegetação espontânea.

The community composition and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be affected by several factors, including the climate, soil biota and host plants. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of Sesbania virgata (SV) revegetation in pure and intercropped with plantation Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) and Acacia mangium (AM), in the composition and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and the amount glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in an area damaged by clay extraction. The experimental design was a randomized block with four treatments (planting pure SV - 100SV); consortium of SV + EC - 50SV: 50EC; consortium AM SV + - 50SV: 50AM) and degraded area with natural vegetation - ADVE) and three replications. Revegetation of mining digging clay with SV in pure or intercropped planting reduced the abundance of spores and increased species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Furthermore, increased the amount of glomalin-related soil protein compared with the degraded area and spontaneous vegetation.

O plantio consorciado de eucalipto com leguminosas pode promover a melhoria da qualidade biológica do solo em áreas degradadas e também ser vantajoso para as espécies do consórcio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de sistemas de plantios (puros e consorciados) de Acacia mangium (AM), Sesbania virgata (SV) e Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC), sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas em estudo (variáveis dendrométricas) e especificamente sobre a fauna da serapilheira e dos primeiros 5 cm do solo. Realizou-se um experimento, cujo delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados para avaliação dos atributos dendrométricos foram: 100EC (100 % EC) e 100AM (100 % AM); 50EC:50AM (50 % EC + 50 % AM); 50EC:50SV (50 % EC + 50 % SV); e 50AM:50SV (50 % AM + 50 % SV). Para avaliação da fauna do solo foram: 100EC, 100AM, 100SV (100 % SV), 50EC:50SV e 50 AM:50SV. Aos 48 meses após o plantio, foram feitas medições de altura (H) e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) das espécies E. camaldulensis e A. mangium e estimativas da área basal (AB) e volume de madeira com casca por indivíduo (VCI). Na serapilheira e no solo (0-5 cm), foram avaliadas a abundância e diversidade da fauna edáfica. O E. camaldulensis quando cultivado em consórcio com as leguminosas apresentou maior DAP, AB e VCI. Em contrapartida, a A. mangium não teve essas variáveis influenciadas quando em consórcio com o E. camaldulensis e com a S. virgata. Plantios de E. camaldulensis e S. virgata em consórcio promoveram maior abundância total de organismos e maiores valores dos índices de diversidade de Shannon e Pielou, principalmente no que se refere ao compartimento serapilheira.

The intercropping of Eucalyptus with legumes can promote an improvement of soil biological quality in degraded areas and also be advantageous for the species of the consortium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of planting systems (monoculture and consortium) of Acacia mangium (AM), Sesbania virgata (SV) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) on the biological characteristics of the plants (dendrometric attributes) and specifically on the fauna in the litter and the surface soil layer (0-0.05 m). An experiment in a randomized block was conducted with six treatments and three replications. The treatments used to evaluate the dendrometric attributes were: 100 % EC and 100 % AM; 50 % EC + 50 % AM; 50 % EC + 50 % SV; 50 % AM + 50 % SV). To evaluate the soil fauna, biological characteristics were assessed in treatments with: 100 % EC; 100 % AM; 100 % SV; 50 % EC:50 % SV; and 50 % AM:50 % SV. Forty-eight months after planting, the height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the species EC and AM were measured, and estimates of basal area (BA) and wood volume with bark per tree (WBT). The abundance and diversity of the soil fauna were evaluated in leaf litter and soil (0.0-0.05 m). When intercropped with legumes, the DBH, BA and WBT of EC were higher. In contrast, for AM these variables were unaltered when intercropped with EC and SV. Plantations of EC-SV consortium promoted higher total abundance of organisms and highest values of Shannon diversity and evenness indices, especially with regard to the litter compartment.

RESUMO Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da revegetação com Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Acacia mangium, em plantio puro e consorciado, na composição e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), bem como na quantidade da proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina (PSRG) em uma área degradada pela extração de argila. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (plantios puros de Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Acacia mangium; consórcio de Eucalyptus camaldulensis + Acacia mangium; e área degradada com vegetação espontânea - ADVE) e três repetições, onde, em cada uma das parcelas, foram coletadas amostras de solo na camada 0-5 cm. Os esporos de FMA foram extraídos e taxonomicamente identificados. Analisou-se a densidade relativa, a frequência de cada espécie e os índices de Shannon-Wiener, Pielou e de Simpson. A PSRG (glomalina total - GT e glomalina facilmente extraível - GFE) foi extraída com citrato de sódio e quantificada pelo método de Bradford. A abundância de FMAs foi maior na área degradada com vegetação espontânea quando comparada aos plantios, em contrapartida apresentou baixa diversidade de espécies. As áreas de eucalipto em monocultivo mostraram menor índice de diversidade de FMAs em relação às áreas de eucalipto consorciadas com a acácia. Glomus e Acaulospora foram os gêneros de FMAs que apresentaram o maior número de espécies. A PSRG foi estreitamente correlacionada com o C e o N do solo, tendo sido observada em maiores quantidades nos plantios, em relação à ADVE. A revegetação da cava de extração de argila promoveu redução na esporulação dos FMAs, enquanto a diversidade e a quantidade de PSRG foram aumentadas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of revegetation with Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium in pure and mixed stands in the composition and mycorrhizal fungi diversity (AMF), as well as in the production of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) of an area degraded by clay extraction. The experimental design used was randomized complete block with four treatments (pure stands Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium; mixed Eucalyptus camaldulensis + Acacia mangium; and covered with spontaneous vegetation - ADVE) and three replications. Soil samples were collected at 0-5 cm soil layer in each plot. The spores were extracted and taxonomically identified. Relative density, frequency of each species and the Shannon-Wiener, Pielou and Simpson indexes were analyzed. The GRSP (total glomalin - TG and easily extractable glomalin - EEG) was extracted with sodium citrate and quantified by the Bradford method. Abundance of AMF was higher in the degraded areas covered by weeds (spontaneous vegetation) compared to plantations; however, it showed lower species diversity. The areas of eucalypt monoculture showed a lower level of AMF diversity in relation to areas of eucalypt intercropped with Acacia. The genera Glomus and Acaulospora were the AMF, with the largest number of species. The GRSP was closely correlated with soil C and N, which observed in greater amounts in plantations in relation to the sites covered with spontaneous vegetation. Revegetation of clay extraction site promoted the reduction of AMF sporulation, while the diversity and amount GRSP increased.

A produção de proteases e α-amilase pelo termofílico Bacillus sp. cepa SMIA-2 cultivado em culturas líquidas contendo 0,25% (w/v) de amido como fonte de carbono alcançou o máximo em 18 horas (47 U.mg-1 Proteína) e 36 horas (325 U.mg-1 Proteína), respectivamente. A suplementação do meio de cultura com proteínas do soro de leite (0,1%, w/v) e água de maceração de milho (0,3%, w/v) não apenas aumentou a atividade de ambas as enzimas como tornou possível a produção simultânea das mesmas. Nestas condições, as maiores atividades da α-amilase e das proteases ocorreu após 18 horas de fermentação, com níveis de 401 U.mg-1 proteína e 78 U.mg-1 proteína, respectivamente. A compatibilidade das enzimas produzidas com detergentes comerciais foi investigada. Na presença do detergente Campeiro® a atividade da α-amilase aumentou, enquanto a atividade da protease decresceu em torno de 27%. Estas enzimas melhoraram o poder de lavagem do detergente Campeiro®. Elas removeram manchas de gema de ovo e de molho de tomate, quando utilizadas juntas com este detergente.

Protease and α-amylase production by a thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 cultivated in liquid cultures containing 0.25% (w/v) starch as a carbon source reached a maximum at 18 hours (47 U.mg-1 Protein) and 36 hours (325 U.mg-1 Protein), respectively. Culture medium supplementation with whey protein concentrate (0.1%, w/v) and corn steep liquor (0.3%, w/v) not only improved the production of both enzymes but also enabled them to be produced simultaneously. Under these conditions, α-amylase and protease production reached a maximum in 18 hours with levels of 401 U.mg-1 protein and 78 U.mg-1 protein, respectively. The compatibility of the enzymes produced with commercial laundry detergent was investigated. In the presence of Campeiro® detergent, α-amylase activity increased while protease activity decreased by about 27%. These enzymes improved the cleaning power of Campeiro® detergent since they were able to remove egg yolk and tomato sauce stains when used in this detergent.

Conduziu-se um experimento em casa de vegetação para avaliar o crescimento de mudas de mamoeiro inoculadas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) e com bactérias diazotróficas, na ausência e presença de fósforo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 4 x 3 x 2, sendo os tratamentos compostos por: espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, o inóculo misto Glomus clarum + Gigaspora margarita e o controle sem FMAs; as bactérias diazotróficas Stenotrophomonas maltophilia e Azospirillum sp. e o controle sem bactéria diazotrófica; duas doses de fósforo no solo, 0 e 25 mg dm-3, todos com quatro repetições. Aos 105 dias após a semeadura, as plantas foram coletadas e avaliadas quanto à altura, área foliar total, diâmetro do caule, matéria seca da parte aérea, da raiz e matéria seca total, porcentagem de colonização micorrízica e contagem de bactérias diazotróficas nas raízes. As inoculações com os FMAs proporcionam aumentos significativos no crescimento das mudas de mamoeiro, mesmo em condições de baixa disponibilidade de fósforo, independentemente da presença de bactéria diazotrófica. O fungo G. margarita e o inóculo misto G. margarita + G. clarum destacam-se como os mais promissores para a cultura do mamoeiro. A inoculação com bactérias diazotróficas, na ausência ou na presença de FMAs, não propiciou efeito estimulatório ou supressivo no crescimento das mudas de mamoeiro.

An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the growth of papaya seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and diazotrophic bacteria, in the absence and presence of phosphorus. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 4 x 3 x 2 factorial scheme, treatments consisting of: species of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita and mixed inoculum Glomus clarum + Gigaspora margarita and a control without AMF; diazotrophic bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Azospirillum sp., and a control without diazotrophic bacteria, and two levels of phosphorus in the soil, 0 and 25 mg dm-3 with four replications. At 105 days after sowing, the plants were collected and evaluated for plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, dry matter of shoot, root and total dry matter, percentage of root colonization and enumeration of diazotrophs in roots. Inoculation with AMF provides significant increases in the growth of papaya seedlings, even under low phosphorus availability, regardless of the presence of diazotrophic bacteria. The fungus G. margarita and the mixed inoculum G. margarita + G. clarum stand out as the most promising to the cultivation of papaya. The inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria in the absence or presence of AMF did not provide suppressive or stimulatory effect on papaya growth.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de gravioleira (Anonna muricata L.) inoculadas com FMAs e cultivadas com diferentes doses de fósforo (P), em solo não-esterilizado. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (inoculação x doses de P) sendo: plantas não-inoculadas (controle), inoculadas com Glomus clarum, inoculadas com Gigaspora margarita e inoculadas com inóculo nativo (Glomus macrocarpum, G. etunicatum e Entrosphopora colombiana) e quatro doses de P (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1) com três repetições. As mudas foram cultivadas em sacos de plástico de 2 dm³ em mistura de solo e areia (2:1 v v-1) nãoesterilizada. Aos 90 dias após o plantio, observou-se que a inoculação com os FMAs promoveu maior altura e diâmetro de caule das mudas, maior produção de matéria seca e conteúdo de P nas raízes e parte aérea e maior conteúdo de K nas raízes das mudas, comparativamente ao controle não-inoculado. As plantas não-inoculadas, não responderam à adubação fosfatada, concluindo-se que a inoculação com os FMAs, aliada à adubação fosfatada, incrementam o crescimento e o estado nutricional de mudas de gravioleira mesmo quando cultivadas em substrato não-estéril.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the development of soursop (Annona muricata L.) seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) cultivated with different doses of phosphorus (P). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a completely randomized factorial design (4 x 4), with non inoculated plants (controls), three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita and native AMFs (Glomus macrocarpum, G. etunicatum and Entrosphopora colombiana) and four doses of P (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1) with three replications. The seedlings were cultivated in plastic bags of 2 dm³ in a mix composed of nonsterilized soil and sand (2:1 v v-1). After 90 days, it was observed that AMFs inoculation promoted an increment in height and stem diameter, increased biomass and P content of shoot and roots, and K content in the roots of the seedlings in comparison with controls. The non inoculated plants did not respond to phosphorus fertilization, concluding that the inoculation with AMFs with phosphate fertilization increased growth and nutritional state of soursup seedlings even when cultivated in non-sterilized soil.

Os flavonóides nas raízes e seu papel na regulação da simbiose com fungos micorrízicos não são bem conhecidos. Vários flavonóides estimulam a germinação de esporos, crescimento micelial e colonização micorrízica. Ambos, a colonização micorrízica e a composição de flavonóides nas raízes são afetados pelo estado nutricional da planta. Avaliou-se o efeito de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares sobre a ocorrência e concentração de substâncias, possivelmente metabólitos aromáticos secundários pertencentes à classe dos flavonóides, em raízes de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo, crescidas sob dois níveis de fósforo (10 e 50 mg kg-1). As mudas foram inoculadas com Glomus clarum e uma população nativa de fungos micorrízicos de um plantio de maracujá do município de São João da Barra, RJ. Extratos de raízes em metanol foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Os cromatogramas mostraram a ocorrência de diversos compostos, possivelmente da classe dos flavonóides, diferenciados no cromatograma em sete picos principais. Foi observado que os conteúdos nas raízes do composto com tempo de retenção de 4,5 minutos, variou em função da colonização micorrízica pelas diferentes espécies de fungos e o conteúdo dos dois compostos com tempo de retenção de 3,4 e 18,9 minutos, variou com o baixo crescimento da planta e o estresse nutricional. Mudas de maracujazeiro apresentam diversos compostos aromáticos, possivelmente da classe dos flavonóides, e o seu conteúdo varia com a colonização radicular por diferentes espécies de fungos micorrízicos, o baixo crescimento da planta devido a estresse nutricional de fósforo e/ou a resposta de defesa da planta ao fungo.

Composition and the role of root flavonoids in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis are still poorly understood. Several flavonoids stimulate spore germination, mycelia growth and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and both root colonization and flavonoid composition are affected by plant nutritional status. Effects of AMF on the occurrence and content of aromatic secondary metabolites in the roots of passion fruit seedlings grown under two levels of phosphorus (P) fertilization (10 and 50 mg kg-1 of phosphorus) was studied. Seedlings were inoculated with Glomus clarum and a population of native fungi from a passion fruit plantation. Methanolic extracts of passion fruit seedlings roots were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was recorded the occurrence of several compounds, possibly flavonoids, with seven major peaks. The root contents of the compound with a retention time of 4.5 minutes, varied in response to the root colonization by different mycorrhizal fungi, and the contents of two compounds with retention times of 3.4 and 18.9 minutes varied due to the poor plant growth and nutritional status. Passion fruit seedlings have several aromatic compounds, and their contents were correlated with root colonization by different mycorrhizal fungi, the reduced seedling growth due to nutritional stress, and/or the plant defense responses to the fungi.

No presente trabalho, foi avaliada a influência de duas espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) Glomus clarum e Gigaspora margarita sobre as atividades ATPásica e pirofosfatásica de microssomos obtidos por meio de fracionamento celular de raízes de milho colonizadas aos 20, 30, 40 e 60 dias do plantio. Ambos os fungos proporcionaram aumentos significativos nas atividades das ATPases e pirofosfatases; entretanto, as maiores atividades foram observadas nas raízes colonizadas pelo fungo G. clarum. Os dados cinéticos indicaram a presença de uma ativação diferencial das H+-ATPases e H+-pirofosfatases presentes nas membranas das células radiculares, dependendo da espécie fúngica e do estádio da colonização das raízes pelos FMAs. Como indicadores da eficiência da micorrização, foram avaliados a altura e o conteúdo de nutrientes na parte aérea das plantas. Os dados obtidos mostraram a primeira evidência cinética de estimulação de atividade pirofosfatásica em membranas microssomais de raízes colonizadas e descreveram um padrão inédito de ativação diferencial para a hidrólise de ATP, dependendo da espécie (G. clarum ou G. margarita) e do estádio de colonização.

The influence of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the ATPase and pyrophosphatase activities of corn root microsomes was investigated at 20, 30, 40, and 60 days after planting. The microsomes were isolated by cell fractionation from corn roots colonized with Glomus clarum or Gigaspora margarita. Both fungi led to a significant increase in the ATPase and pyrophosphatase activities though the highest activities were observed in roots colonized with G. clarum. Kinetics analysis suggested that mycorrhizal colonization promoted a differential regulation of the H+-ATPases and H+-PPases present in the root cell membranes. This regulation varied according to the fungal species and stage of AMF root colonization. Height and nutrient content of the plant shoot were analyzed as parameters of mycorrhization efficiency. The obtained data present the first evidence based on the kinetics of activation of pyrophosphatases in microsomal membranes from colonized roots, and describe a novel pattern for the differential activation of ATP hydrolysis depending on the fungal species (G. clarum or G. margarita) and colonization stage.