The Pleurotus genus is one of most extensively studied white-rot fungi due to its exceptional ligninolytic properties. It is an edible mushroom that possesses biological effects, as it contains important bioactive molecules. It is a rich source of nutrients, particularly proFun gal di se a ses; teins, minerals as well as vitamins B, C and D. In basidiomycete fungi, intensive cultivations of edible mushrooms can often be affected by some bacterial, mold and virus diseases that rather frequently cause dramatic production loss. These infections are facilitated by the particular conditions under which mushroom cultivation is commonly carried out such as warm temperatures, humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and presence of pests. There is not much bibliographic information related to pests of mushrooms and their substrates. The updated review presents a practical checklist of diseases and pests of the Pleurotus genus, providing useful information that may help different users.

El Pleurotus es uno de los hongos de la podredumbre blanca más extensamente estudiados debido a sus excepcionales propiedades lignocelulolíticas. Es un hongo comestible y también tiene varios efectos biológicos, ya que contiene importantes moléculas bioactivas. Es una fuente rica de nutrientes, particularmente de proteínas y minerales, así como de vitaminas B, C y D. Los cultivos intensivos de hongos comestibles del tipo basidiomicetos a menudo son afectados por enfermedades bacterianas, fúngicas y virales, lo que con frecuencia produce pérdidas significativas en la producción. Estas infecciones son facilitadas por las condiciones particulares bajo las cuales comúnmente se cultivan los hongos, tales como temperaturas cálidas y elevada humedad. Esta revisión presenta una lista práctica y actualizada de enfermedades y plagas frecuentes durante el cultivo del hongo comestible Pleurotus, y proporciona información que puede ser de utilidad para los productores.

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver formulações para gelatina funcional com extrato de erva-mate verde e fibras solúveis como inulina (INU), frutooligossacarídeos (FOS) e a polidextrose (PD), avaliando o efeito desses ingredientes na gelatina funcional por meio da análise física da textura (firmeza, consistência e coesividade), análise sensorial (sabor e preferência de compra) e composição química. As formulações INU, PD e composição INU/PD/FOS apresentaram textura desejável para uma sobremesa de gelatina, não diferindo (P>0,05) do padrão com sacarose. Pela análise sensorial, a gelatina funcional com INU obteve o maior índice hedônico para sabor e preferência de compra acima de 70%, superior ao padrão. Considerando os resultados obtidos neste estudo, a aplicação tecnológica do extrato de erva-mate verde e das fibras solúveis apresenta evidente potencial para o desenvolvimento de alimentos saudáveis e funcionais.

The objective of this study was to develop formulations for functional jelly with extract of green yerba-mate and soluble fibers as inulin (INU), fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and polidextrose (PD), evaluating the effect of those ingredients in the functional jelly through texture physical analysis (firmness, consistence, cohesiveness), sensorial analysis (flavor and purchase preference) and chemical composition. The formulations INU, PD and composition INU/PD/FOS presented desirable texture for jelly dessert and not differing (P>0.05) of the reference standard with sucrose. For the sensorial analysis the functional jelly with INU obtained the largest index hedonic for flavor and purchase preference above 70%, higher than the reference standard. Considering the results obtained in this study, the technological application of green yerba-mate extract and of soluble fibers, presents evident potential for the development of healthy and functional foods.

Different phenolic compound, 5- caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), caffeic acid (AC) and rutin (Ru) contents of yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Brazilian samples of 06 different regions of São Mateus - Paraná, during natural and accelerated industrial storage, were evaluated. For quantification, a reverse phase HPLC isocratic method was developed and validated using methanol:water (35:65 v/v) acidified with 0.5% acetic acid as mobile phase and a photodiode array detector. The six sample global average contents were (34.90 and 36.10 mg g-1) for 5-CQA, (0.18 mg g-1 and 0.23 mg g-1) for AC and (7.12 and 7.18 mg g-1) for Ru, respectively, for the natural and accelerated storage systems. The results showed that the 5-CQA and Ru content are kept constant during the storage while AC content increase only during accelerated storage.

This work optimized the HPLC conditions for the simultaneous determination of luteolin, apigenin, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol in aglycone form, as well defined the best conditions for hydrolysis/extraction of these flavonoids in fruits, using the statistical central composite design and response surface analysis. A reverse phase method was developed using a gradient of methanol/water acidified with 0.3% formic acid as mobile phase and a photodiode array detector. The samples were extracted with methanol/water (50:50 v/v) at 90 ºC. The optimum time and HCl concentration varied for the different fruits investigated, demonstrating the necessity of optimizing these conditions for each fruit analyzed. Good recovery (87.1 to 96.3%), repeatability and linearity were obtained.