ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the frequency of obesity and cardiometabolic risk in schoolchildren under ten years old. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with schoolchildren (n=639) aged five to ten years in a municipally of southern of Brazil. The cardiometabolic risk was calculated from values of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood glucose levels, triglycerides and total cholesterol (TC). Odds ratio (OR), Spearman correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were analyzed. Results: Independent of sex, elevated WC and BMI were related to higher values of SBP, DBP, and TC in schoolchildren. The frequency of cardiometabolic risk was 6.0% in girls and 9.9% in boys. Schoolchildren with elevated values of SBP, triglycerides and TC presented high OR for cardiometabolic risk. PCA indicated that schoolchildren with high WC (p>80) presented more frequently altered glucose levels, triglycerides, and TC. Conclusions: Obesity, especially when associated with elevated WC, is related to metabolic dysfunctions and cardiometabolic risk in schoolchildren under ten years of age. These findings indicate the urgency of stablishing metabolic risk for this age group, enabling early diagnosis and adequate treatment, to prevent the development of diabetes and cardiovascular dysfunction throughout life.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de obesidade e risco cardiometabólico em escolares menores de dez anos de idade. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal com escolares (n=639) com idade de cinco a dez anos de um município do Sul do Brasil. O risco cardiometabólico foi calculado com base nos valores do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), valores sanguíneos de glicose, triglicerídeos e colesterol total. Odds ratio (OR), correlação de Spearman e análise de componentes principais (PCA) foram obtidos. Resultados: Independentemente do sexo, CC e IMC aumentados foram relacionados com maiores valores de PAS, PAD e colesterol total. A frequência de risco cardiometabólico foi de 6,0% nas meninas e 9,9% nos meninos. Escolares com elevados valores de PAS, triglicerídeos e colesterol total tinham alto OR para risco cardiometabólico. A PCA mostrou que escolares com alta CC (p>80) apresentam mais frequentemente alterações nos níveis sanguíneos de glicose, triglicerídeos e colesterol total. Conclusões: A obesidade, especialmente quando associada a elevados valores de CC, está relacionada com disfunções metabólicas e risco cardiometabólico em escolares menores de dez anos de idade. Estes achados indicam a urgência de estabelecer o risco metabólico para essa faixa etária, possibilitando o diagnóstico precoce, o adequado tratamento para evitar o desenvolvimento de diabetes e disfunções cardiovasculares ao longo da vida.

ABSTRACT Aim: to compare the impact of Roux’s Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) techniques on body weight reduction over 1 and 5 years after bariatric surgery in obese patients in the state of Paraná. Methods: longitudinal and retrospective study, conducted between January 2010 and December 2013, with 737 patients of both sexes submitted to RYGB or SG and evaluated in the preoperative, 1 and 5 years after bariatric surgery (BS). Age, height, body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), biochemical and pressure parameters were recorded. Results: of the total of patients, men represented lower frequency, were slightly older, with higher body weight, BMI and worse metabolic and pressure conditions than women in pre-BS (p<0.05). Regardless of sex, RYGB and SG were effective in promoting body weight reduction and BMI in 1 and 5 years after BS; the RYGB technique had greater impact on these variables in both sexes (p<0.05). The highest percentage of lost weight was observed in women who underwent the RYGB technique in the first year after BS. Five years after BS, the RYGB technique promoted a higher rate of body weight reduction in men and women compared to the SG technique (p<0.05). Conclusion: regardless of sex, the RYGB technique promotes a higher degree of body weight reduction and BMI over time compared to the SG; having its biggest impacts in the 1 year after BS, especially in women.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o impacto das técnicas Bypass Gástrico em Y de Roux (BGYR) e Gastrectomia Vertical (GV) na redução do peso corporal ao longo de 1 e 5 anos após a cirurgia bariátrica em pacientes obesos no Estado do Paraná. Métodos: estudo longitudinal e retrospectivo, realizado entre janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2013, com 737 pacientes de ambos os sexos submetidos a BGYR ou GV e avaliados no pré-cirúrgico, 1 e 5 anos após Cirurgia Bariátrica (CB). Foram registrados idade, estatura, peso corporal, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), parâmetros bioquímicos e pressóricos. Resultados: do total de pacientes, homens representavam menor frequência, eram ligeiramente mais velhos, com maior peso corporal, IMC e pior condição metabólica e pressórica que mulheres no pré-CB (p<0,05). Independente do sexo, BGYR e GV foram efetivas em promover redução do peso corporal e IMC em 1 e 5 anos pós-CB; tendo a técnica de BGYR maior impacto nestas variáveis em ambos os sexos (p<0,05). A maior porcentagem de peso perdido foi observada em mulheres submetidas a técnica da BGYR no primeiro ano após a CB. Cinco anos após a CB, a técnica de BGYR promoveu maior taxa de redução de peso corporal em homens e mulheres comparado a técnica da GV (p<0,05). Conclusão: independente do sexo a técnica de BGYR promove maior grau de redução do peso corporal e IMC ao longo do tempo em comparação com a GV; tendo seus maiores impactos no 1 ano pós-CB sobretudo em mulheres.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the influence of autonomic vagal and splenic activities on renal histomorphometric aspects in obese rats. Methods Thirty male Wistar rats were used, of which, 24 received subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG) during the first 5 days of life (4 g/kg body weight) and six control animals received injections of saline solution (CON). Five experimental groups were organized (n = 6/group): falsely-operated control (CON-FO); falsely-operated obese (MSG-FO); vagotomized obese (MSG-VAG); splenectomized obese (MSG-SPL); vagotomized and splenectomized obese (MSG-VAG-SPL). Results The MSG-FO group animals showed a significant reduction in body weight and nasal-anal length when compared to CON-FO group animals (p < 0.05). The MSG-VAG-SPL group showed significant reduced in most biometric parameters associated with obesity. Falsely-operated obese animals showed a significant reduction in renal weight, glomerular diameters, glomerular tuff and capsule areas and Bowman’s space compared to CON-FO group animals (p < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in diameter, glomerular tuft and capsule areas, and Bowman’s space in MSG-VAG, MSG-SPL, MSG-VAG-SPL groups when compared to the MSG-FO group. Conclusions Vagotomy associated with splenectomy induces a reduction in the adiposity and causes histological changes in the kidney of obese rats.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic vitamin D (VD) supplementation associated with regular swimming over renal histomorphometric aspects in obese rats. Thirty Wistar male rats (5 days old) were used. Twenty four rats were given subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4 g/kg), and six control rats were given an equimolar saline solution. At 21-days-old, the MSG-treated rats were randomly distributed among sedentary animals (S) and exercised (E, swimming; 3x/week). These groups were subdivided into groups orally supplemented with VD (12 μg/kg; 3x/week) or not supplemented (NS), totaling Five experimental groups (n = 6 rats/group): MSG, MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, MSG-EVD and control groups. In MSG-obese rats, there was such as a decrease in the diameter of the, glomerular tuft, Bowman’s capsule, Bowman’s space areas, and renal cortical thickness, compared to the control group. In MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, and MSG-EVD animals, there was an increase in the cortical thickness in relation to the MSG group. In MSG-ENS and MSG-EVD animals, there was a reduction of tubular degeneration in relation to the MSG group. We conclude that physical exercise associated with Vitamin D supplementation can prevent of renal injury, increasing the thickness of the renal cortex and decrease the tubular degeneration.

ABSTRACT Objective To relate to the degree of prematurity and weight adequacy at birth with a lipid, glycemic, pressure, and anthropometric profile of adolescents born prematurely. Methods A cross-sectional study. Sample of 50 premature adolescents – gestational age less than 37 weeks – classified as follows regarding gestational age and birth weight: Adequate for Gestational Age (AGA), Small for Gestational Age (SGA), and Large for Gestational Age (LGA). Anthropometric measurements were evaluated: Blood Pressure (BP), glucose, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), collected by digital puncture. Analysis by descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact association test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) considering a 5% significance level. Results 8% presented Metabolic Syndrome (MS), 70% were classified as AGA, 30% were overweight, 6% were born extremely preterm, and 14% very preterm. It showed a significant association between BP and the degree of prematurity (p=0.027) and a tendency for associating prematurity and TG (p=0.05). Conclusion and implications for practice: Pressure levels were influenced by the degree of prematurity; a tendency to increased TG was evidenced. Premature babies are more vulnerable to developing MS, pressure changes in adolescence, and possible changes in glycemic homeostasis due to TG alteration, indicating the need for follow-up in childhood and adolescence considering their higher risk for cardiovascular disease.

RESUMEN Objetivo Relacionar el grado de prematuridad y la adecuación del peso al nacer con los lípidos, la glucemia, la Presión Arterial (PA) y el perfil antropométrico de adolescentes nacidos prematuros. Métodos Estudio transversal. Muestra con 50 adolescentes prematuros - edad gestacional menor de 37 semanas - clasificados según la edad gestacional y peso al nacer. Se evaluaron medidas antropométricas; PA; glucosa, Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicéridos (TG), recolectados por punción digital. Análisis estadístico descriptivo, prueba de asociación exacta de Fisher y análisis de varianza (ANOVA), considerando 5% de significancia. Resultados El 8% tenía Síndrome Metabólico (SM), el 70% fue clasificado como adecuado a la edad gestacional, el 30% tenía sobrepeso. Hubo asociación significativa entre la PA y el grado de prematuridad (p = 0.027); y tendencia a asociación entre grado de prematuridad y TG (p = 0.05). Conclusión y implicaciones para la práctica los niveles de PA están influenciados por el grado de prematuridad; se evidenció tendencia al aumento de TG. Los prematuros presentan mayor vulnerabilidad para el desarrollo de SM, cambios en la PA y posibles cambios en la homeostasis glucémica debido a alteración de TG, indicando necesidad de seguimiento en la infancia y adolescencia, considerando su mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular.

RESUMO Objetivo Relacionar o grau de prematuridade e adequação de peso ao nascer ao perfil lipídico, glicêmico, pressórico e antropométrico de adolescentes nascidos prematuros. Métodos Estudo transversal. Amostra com 50 adolescentes nascidos prematuros – idade gestacional menor que 37 semanas – classificados com base na idade gestacional e peso ao nascer: Adequado para Idade Gestacional (AIG), Pequeno para Idade Gestacional (PIG) e Grande para Idade Gestacional (GIG). Avaliaram-se medidas antropométricas; Pressão Arterial (PA); glicose, Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicerídeos (TG), coletados por punção digital. Análise por estatística descritiva, teste de associação exato de Fisher e análise de variância (ANOVA), considerando 5% de significância. Resultados 8% apresentaram Síndrome Metabólica (SM). 70% foram classificados como AIG, 30% apresentaram excesso de peso. 6% nasceu prematuro extremo e muito prematuro (14%). O grau de prematuridade associou-se significativamente a PA (p=0,027) e mostrou tendência à associação com o TG (p=0,05). Conclusão e implicações para a prática Os níveis pressóricos são influenciados pelo grau de prematuridade; foi evidenciado tendência a TG aumentados. Prematuros têm maior vulnerabilidade para desenvolver SM, alterações pressóricas e possíveis alterações na homeostase glicêmica devido à alteração de TG, indicando a necessidade de seguimento na infância e adolescência atentando ao seu maior risco para doenças cardiovasculares.

RESUMO Objetivo Relacionar o grau de prematuridade e adequação de peso ao nascer ao perfil lipídico, glicêmico, pressórico e antropométrico de adolescentes nascidos prematuros. Métodos Estudo transversal. Amostra com 50 adolescentes nascidos prematuros – idade gestacional menor que 37 semanas – classificados com base na idade gestacional e peso ao nascer: Adequado para Idade Gestacional (AIG), Pequeno para Idade Gestacional (PIG) e Grande para Idade Gestacional (GIG). Avaliaram-se medidas antropométricas; Pressão Arterial (PA); glicose, Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicerídeos (TG), coletados por punção digital. Análise por estatística descritiva, teste de associação exato de Fisher e análise de variância (ANOVA), considerando 5% de significância. Resultados 8% apresentaram Síndrome Metabólica (SM). 70% foram classificados como AIG, 30% apresentaram excesso de peso. 6% nasceu prematuro extremo e muito prematuro (14%). O grau de prematuridade associou-se significativamente a PA (p=0,027) e mostrou tendência à associação com o TG (p=0,05). Conclusão e implicações para a prática Os níveis pressóricos são influenciados pelo grau de prematuridade; foi evidenciado tendência a TG aumentados. Prematuros têm maior vulnerabilidade para desenvolver SM, alterações pressóricas e possíveis alterações na homeostase glicêmica devido à alteração de TG, indicando a necessidade de seguimento na infância e adolescência atentando ao seu maior risco para doenças cardiovasculares.

ABSTRACT Objective To relate to the degree of prematurity and weight adequacy at birth with a lipid, glycemic, pressure, and anthropometric profile of adolescents born prematurely. Methods A cross-sectional study. Sample of 50 premature adolescents – gestational age less than 37 weeks – classified as follows regarding gestational age and birth weight: Adequate for Gestational Age (AGA), Small for Gestational Age (SGA), and Large for Gestational Age (LGA). Anthropometric measurements were evaluated: Blood Pressure (BP), glucose, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), collected by digital puncture. Analysis by descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact association test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) considering a 5% significance level. Results 8% presented Metabolic Syndrome (MS), 70% were classified as AGA, 30% were overweight, 6% were born extremely preterm, and 14% very preterm. It showed a significant association between BP and the degree of prematurity (p=0.027) and a tendency for associating prematurity and TG (p=0.05). Conclusion and implications for practice: Pressure levels were influenced by the degree of prematurity; a tendency to increased TG was evidenced. Premature babies are more vulnerable to developing MS, pressure changes in adolescence, and possible changes in glycemic homeostasis due to TG alteration, indicating the need for follow-up in childhood and adolescence considering their higher risk for cardiovascular disease.

RESUMEN Objetivo Relacionar el grado de prematuridad y la adecuación del peso al nacer con los lípidos, la glucemia, la Presión Arterial (PA) y el perfil antropométrico de adolescentes nacidos prematuros. Métodos Estudio transversal. Muestra con 50 adolescentes prematuros - edad gestacional menor de 37 semanas - clasificados según la edad gestacional y peso al nacer. Se evaluaron medidas antropométricas; PA; glucosa, Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicéridos (TG), recolectados por punción digital. Análisis estadístico descriptivo, prueba de asociación exacta de Fisher y análisis de varianza (ANOVA), considerando 5% de significancia. Resultados El 8% tenía Síndrome Metabólico (SM), el 70% fue clasificado como adecuado a la edad gestacional, el 30% tenía sobrepeso. Hubo asociación significativa entre la PA y el grado de prematuridad (p = 0.027); y tendencia a asociación entre grado de prematuridad y TG (p = 0.05). Conclusión y implicaciones para la práctica los niveles de PA están influenciados por el grado de prematuridad; se evidenció tendencia al aumento de TG. Los prematuros presentan mayor vulnerabilidad para el desarrollo de SM, cambios en la PA y posibles cambios en la homeostasis glucémica debido a alteración de TG, indicando necesidad de seguimiento en la infancia y adolescencia, considerando su mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular.

RESUMO Racional: A atividade termogênica no tecido adiposo marrom (TAM) de indivíduos obesos encontra-se reduzida, condição que pode ser modificada pela cirurgia bariátrica(CB). Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da derivação duodeno-jejunal (DDJ) sobre a morfologia do TAM de ratos com obesidade hipotalâmica. Métodos: Para indução da obesidade hipotalâmica (OHi), ratos Wistar neonatos receberam injeções subcutâneas de glutamato monossódico (MSG). O grupo controle (CTL) recebeu solução salina. Aos 90 dias, os ratos OHi foram submetidos à DDJ (grupo OHi-DDJ) ou a falsa operação (grupo OHi-FO). Aos 270 dias, eles foram eutanasiados e o TAM foi pesado e submetido à análise histológica. Resultados: Em comparação com os animais CTL, o TAM dos ratos OHi-FO apresentou aumento do peso, hipertrofia dos adipócitos com acúmulo de lipídios e redução do número de núcleos. A DDJ reduziu a deposição de gordura e o número de núcleos no TAM de ratos OHi-DDJ em comparação com os OHi-FO, com valores similares aqueles dos animais CTL. Conclusões: A DDJ foi capaz de evitar a deposição excessiva de lipídios no TAM de ratos com obesidade hipotalâmica, sugerindo que a cirurgia bariátrica poderia reativar a termogênese neste tecido adiposo, contribuindo para aumentar o gasto energético.

ABSTRACT Background: Thermogenic activity in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of obese individuals is reduced, and this condition may be modified by bariatric surgery (BS). Aim: To characterize fat deposition in BAT from hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats submitted to duodenal-jejunal-bypass (DJB) surgery. Methods: For induction of hypothalamic obesity, newborn male Wistar rats were treated with subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG). The control (CTL) group received saline solution. At 90 days, the HyO rats were submitted to DJB or sham operation, generating the HyO-DJB and HyO-SHAM groups. At 270 days, the rats were euthanized, and the BAT was weighed and submitted to histological analysis. Results: Compared to BAT from CTL animals, the BAT from HyO-SHAM rats displayed increased weight, hypertrophy with greater lipid accumulation and a reduction in nucleus number. DJB effectively increased nucleus number and normalized lipid deposition in the BAT of HyO-SHAM rats, similar to that observed in CTL animals. Conclusion: DJB surgery avoided excessive lipid deposition in the BAT of hypothalamic obese rats, suggesting that this procedure could reactivate thermogenesis in BAT, and contribute to increase energy expenditure.

RESUMO Objetivo: No presente estudo foram avaliados os perfis antropométricos e metabólicos de prematuros (PT) nascidos de mães com Infecção do trato Urinário (ITU) e mães com Desordens Hipertensivas (DH). Método: Este é um estudo longitudinal-prospectivo realizado entre Maio de 2015 a Agosto de 2016. Inicialmente, 59 mães com parto prematuro foram incluídas; após 29 exclusões as mães foram subdivididas em dois grupos: mães-ITU (n=12) e mães-DH (n=18). As variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas foram analisadas nas mães e nos seus respectivos PT ao nascimento e aos 6 meses de Idade Corrigida (IC). Resultados: Os níveis de triglicerídeos plasmáticos foram maiores em mães-DH, bem como, em seus respectivos PT, quando comparados às mães-ITU e seus PT aos 6 m IC. Conclusão: Os níveis dos triglicerídeos plasmáticos são um importante biomarcador metabólico in mães-DH resultando em elevados valores de triglicerídeos in PT aos 6 m de IC; sugerindo precoce efeito programador da hipertensão maternal.

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study evaluated the anthropometric and metabolic profiles of preterm infants (PT) born from mothers with urinary tract infections (UTI) and mothers with hypertensive disorders (HD). Method: This was a longitudinal prospective study conducted between May 2015 and August 2016. First, 59 mothers with premature birth were included; after excluding 29 mothers, two subgroups were created: UTI-mothers (n=12) and HD-mothers (n=18). The anthropometric and metabolic variables of mothers and their respective PT were analyzed at birth and at 6 months of corrected age (CA). Results: Plasma triglyceride levels were higher among HD-mothers and their respective PT in comparison with UTI-mothers and their PT at 6 m of CA. Conclusion: Plasma triglyceride level is an important metabolic biomarker in HD-mothers resulting in higher triglyceride levels among PT at the CA of 6 m, suggesting an early programming effect of maternal hypertension.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El estudio evaluó los perfiles antropométricos y metabólicos de prematuros (PT) nacidos de madres con infección del tracto urinario (ITU) y de madres con desórdenes hipertensivos (DH). Método: Estudio longitudinal-prospectivo, realizado entre mayo de 2015 y agosto de 2016. Inicialmente fueron incluidas 59 madres con partos prematuros; luego de 29 exclusiones, fueron separadas en dos grupos: madres-ITU (n=12) y madres-DH (n=18). Las variables antropométricas y metabólicas fueron analizadas en las madres y en sus PT al nacimiento y a los 6 meses de edad corregida (EC). Resultados: Los niveles de triglicéridos plasmáticos fueron mayores en madres-DH y en sus PT, en comparación con las madres-ITU y sus PT a los 6 meses de EC. Conclusión: Los niveles de triglicéridos plasmáticos constituyen un importante biomarcador metabólico en madres-DH, determinando valores elevados de triglicéridos en PT de 6 meses de EC, sugiriendo de modo precoz un efecto programador de hipertensión maternal.

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study evaluated the anthropometric and metabolic profiles of preterm infants (PT) born from mothers with urinary tract infections (UTI) and mothers with hypertensive disorders (HD). Method: This was a longitudinal prospective study conducted between May 2015 and August 2016. First, 59 mothers with premature birth were included; after excluding 29 mothers, two subgroups were created: UTI-mothers (n=12) and HD-mothers (n=18). The anthropometric and metabolic variables of mothers and their respective PT were analyzed at birth and at 6 months of corrected age (CA). Results: Plasma triglyceride levels were higher among HD-mothers and their respective PT in comparison with UTI-mothers and their PT at 6 m of CA. Conclusion: Plasma triglyceride level is an important metabolic biomarker in HD-mothers resulting in higher triglyceride levels among PT at the CA of 6 m, suggesting an early programming effect of maternal hypertension.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El estudio evaluó los perfiles antropométricos y metabólicos de prematuros (PT) nacidos de madres con infección del tracto urinario (ITU) y de madres con desórdenes hipertensivos (DH). Método: Estudio longitudinal-prospectivo, realizado entre mayo de 2015 y agosto de 2016. Inicialmente fueron incluidas 59 madres con partos prematuros; luego de 29 exclusiones, fueron separadas en dos grupos: madres-ITU (n=12) y madres-DH (n=18). Las variables antropométricas y metabólicas fueron analizadas en las madres y en sus PT al nacimiento y a los 6 meses de edad corregida (EC). Resultados: Los niveles de triglicéridos plasmáticos fueron mayores en madres-DH y en sus PT, en comparación con las madres-ITU y sus PT a los 6 meses de EC. Conclusión: Los niveles de triglicéridos plasmáticos constituyen un importante biomarcador metabólico en madres-DH, determinando valores elevados de triglicéridos en PT de 6 meses de EC, sugiriendo de modo precoz un efecto programador de hipertensión maternal.

RESUMO Objetivo: No presente estudo foram avaliados os perfis antropométricos e metabólicos de prematuros (PT) nascidos de mães com Infecção do trato Urinário (ITU) e mães com Desordens Hipertensivas (DH). Método: Este é um estudo longitudinal-prospectivo realizado entre Maio de 2015 a Agosto de 2016. Inicialmente, 59 mães com parto prematuro foram incluídas; após 29 exclusões as mães foram subdivididas em dois grupos: mães-ITU (n=12) e mães-DH (n=18). As variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas foram analisadas nas mães e nos seus respectivos PT ao nascimento e aos 6 meses de Idade Corrigida (IC). Resultados: Os níveis de triglicerídeos plasmáticos foram maiores em mães-DH, bem como, em seus respectivos PT, quando comparados às mães-ITU e seus PT aos 6 m IC. Conclusão: Os níveis dos triglicerídeos plasmáticos são um importante biomarcador metabólico in mães-DH resultando em elevados valores de triglicerídeos in PT aos 6 m de IC; sugerindo precoce efeito programador da hipertensão maternal.

In the present study we analyzed morphological and metabolic alterations in dams nursing small litters and their consequences to offspring throughout lactation. Offspring sizes were adjusted to Small Litter (SL, 3 pups/ dam) and Normal Litter (NL, 9 pups/ dam). Body weight, food intake, white adipose tissue (WAT) content, histological analysis of the pancreas, mammary gland (MG) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as, plasma parameters and milk composition were measured in dams and pups on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of lactation. In general, SL-dams presented higher body weight and retroperitoneal fat content, elevated fat infiltration in BAT, reduced islets size and hyperglycemia throughout lactation in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Moreover, MG from SL-dams had reduced alveoli development and high adipocytes content, resulting in milk with elevated energetic value and fat content in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Maternal states influenced offspring anthropometric conditions during lactation, offspring-SL displayed higher body weight and growth, hyperglycemia, augmented lipid deposition in BAT and elevated islet. Thus, maternal histological and metabolic changes are due to modifications to nursing small litters and reinforce the importance of preserving maternal health during lactation avoiding early programming effects on offspring preventing metabolic consequences later in life.

ABSTRACT Here, we evaluated whether the exposure of rats to a cafeteria diet pre- and/or post-weaning, alters histological characteristics in the White Adipose Tissue (WAT), Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT), and liver of adult male offspring. Female Wistar rats were divided into Control (CTL; fed on standard rodent chow) and Cafeteria (CAF; fed with the cafeteria diet throughout life, including pregnancy and lactation). After birth, only male offspring (F1) were maintained and received the CTL or CAF diets; originating four experimental groups: CTL-CTLF1; CTL-CAFF1; CAF-CTLF1; CAF-CAFF1. Data of biometrics, metabolic parameters, liver, BAT and WAT histology were assessed and integrated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). According to PCA analysis worse metabolic and biometric characteristics in adulthood are associated with the post-weaning CAF diet compared to pre and post weaning CAF diet. Thus, the CTL-CAFF1 group showed obesity, higher deposition of fat in the liver and BAT and high fasting plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. Interestingly, the association between pre and post-weaning CAF diet attenuated the obesity and improved the plasma levels of glucose and triglycerides compared to CTL-CAFF1 without avoiding the higher lipid accumulation in BAT and in liver, suggesting that the impact of maternal CAF diet is tissue-specific.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar fatores de risco do período de internação neonatal e do seguimento ambulatorial associados à falha de crescimento no primeiro ano de vida de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso. Métodos: Estudo com crianças nascidas prematuras de muito baixo peso em acompanhamento de 2006 a 2013 em ambulatório de alto risco de um hospital-escola. Incluídas aquelas que fizera pelo menos uma consulta em cada um dos três períodos assim determinados: Período I - até três meses de idade corrigida (IC); Período II - entre quatro e seis meses de IC; e Período III - entre sete e 12 meses de IC. As variáveis foram analisadas por regressão logística com o programa XLStat 2014 (Microsoft®, WA, EUA). A falha de crescimento (escore z abaixo de --2 DP) foi classificada como variável dependente do tipo dicotômica (0 - falha/1 - sucesso) e as demais variáveis foram classificadas como variáveis explicativas para os períodos de internação e para cada um dos períodos de seguimento (I, II e III). Resultados: Nascer adequado para a idade gestacional aumenta a chance de apresentar escore Z do peso na alta hospitalar acima de -2 DP (OR = 10,217; IC95% 1.117-93,436). Doença metabólica óssea e retinopatia da prematuridade durante o Período I e reinternações nos Períodos II e III de seguimento aumentam a chance de escore z abaixo de -2 DP. Conclusão: A falha de crescimento é influenciada por fatores intrauterinos e posteriormente por diversas morbidades, tanto no período da internação como no pós-alta. Tais variáveis estudadas deveriam ter prioridade no seguimento.

Abstract Objective: To determine risk factors during neonatal hospital stay and follow-up associated with failure to thrive in the first year of life of very low birth weight newborns. Methods: Study of preterm very low birth weight newborns followed from 2006 to 2013 in a public institutional hospital program. The study included newborns that attended at least one appointment in each of the three periods: Period I, up to 3 months of corrected age (CA); Period II, 4-6 months of CA; and Period III, 7-12 months of CA. The variables were analyzed by logistic regression with XLSTAT 2014 software (Microsoft®, WA, USA). Failure to thrive (Z-score below -2 SD) was classified as a dichotomous dependent variable (0 - failure/1 - success), while the other variables were classified as explanatory variables for the hospitalization periods and for each of the follow-up periods (I, II, and III). Results: Children born adequate for gestational age increased the chance of Z-score for weight at discharge > -2 SD (OR = 10.217; 95% CI: 1.117-93.436). Metabolic bone disease and retinopathy of prematurity in Period I, as well as hospital readmissions in Periods II and III during follow-up increased the chance of Z-score < -2 SD. Conclusion: Failure to thrive is influenced by intrauterine factors and, subsequently, by several morbidities, both in the birth and hospitalization period, as well as in the post-discharge period and thus, such variables should be prioritized in the follow-up.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic expression of adipokines in the adipocytes of monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated obese rats submitted to physical activity.Materials and methods Obesity was induced by neonatal MSG administration. Exercised rats (MSG and control) were subjected to swim training for 30 min for 10 weeks, whereas their respective controls remained sedentary. Total RNA was obtained from sections of the mesenteric adipose tissue of the rats. mRNA levels of adiponectin (Adipoq), tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Ppara), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) adipokines were quantified by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR).Results In the exercise-trained control group, the expression of Adipoq increased compared to the sedentary control, which was not observed in the MSG-obese rats. Increased levels of Tnf in MSG-obese rats were not reversed by the swim training. The expression of Ppara was higher in sedentary MSG-obese rats compared to the sedentary control. Swimming increased this adipokine expression in the exercise-trained control rats compared to the sedentary ones. mRNA levels of Pparg were higher in the sedentary MSG-rats compared to the sedentary control; however, the exercise did not influenced its expression in the groups analyzed.Conclusions In conclusion, regular physical activity was not capable to correct the expression of proinflammatory adipokines in MSG-obese rat adipocytes.

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) presents monogenic inheritance and mutation factors which have already been identified in six different genes. Given the wide molecular variation present in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α gene (HNF1α) MODY3, the aimof this study was to amplify and sequence the coding regions of this gene in seven patients from the Campos Gerais region, Paraná State, Brazil, presenting clinical MODY3 features. Besides the synonymous variations, A15A, L17L, Q141Q, G288G and T515T, two missense mutations, I27L and A98V, were also detected. Clinical and laboratory data obtained from patients were compared with the molecular findings, including the I27L polymorphism that was revealed in some overweight/obese diabetic patients of this study, this corroborating with the literature. We found certain DNA variations that could explain the hyperglycemic phenotype of the patients.