Abstract Fruit ripening promoted by the exogenous application of ethylene analogs, such as calcium carbide, has commercial advantages. Thus, the knowledge of the responses of fruits treated with ethylene-inducing agents is essential to optimize the use of these substances. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of exposure to calcium carbide on the anticipation and standardization of postharvest ripening of cajá-manga fruits. Physiologically mature fruits were exposed to calcium carbide for 24 hours at concentrations 0, 20, 40, 80, and 110 g m-3. The fruits were stored at a temperature of 28±2 °C and evaluated at 0, 2, 4, and 6 days for the loss of fresh mass, color of the epidermis and pulp given by the CIELAB color space, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, the ratio between soluble solids content and titratable acidity, and vitamin C content. Cajá-manga fruits treated with different concentrations of calcium carbide had their ripening anticipated without compromising their characteristics. The concentrations of 20, 40, and 80 g m-3 of calcium carbide allowed the anticipation and standardization of fruit ripening within four days during storage, while for the highest concentration (110 g m-3), complete maturation was accelerated, occurring between two and four days of storage.

Resumo O amadurecimento de frutos promovido pela aplicação exógena de análogos de etileno, como o carbureto de cálcio, tem vantagens comerciais. Assim, o conhecimento das respostas de frutos tratados com agentes indutores de etileno é essencial para otimizar o uso dessas substâncias. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da exposição ao carbureto de cálcio na antecipação e na padronização do amadurecimento pós-colheita de frutos de cajá-manga. Frutos fisiologicamente maduros foram expostos ao carbureto de cálcio nas concentrações de 0; 20; 40; 80 e 110 g m-3 por 24 horas. Os frutos foram armazenados a uma temperatura de 28±2 °C e avaliados aos 0; 2; 4 e 6 dias quanto à perda de massa fresca, cor da epiderme e polpa dada pelo espaço de cor CIELAB, acidez titulável, teor de sólidos solúveis, relação entre o teor de sólidos solúveis e a acidez titulável, e teor de vitamina C. Frutos de cajá-manga tratados com diferentes concentrações de carbureto de cálcio tiveram seu amadurecimento antecipado sem comprometer suas características. As concentrações de 20; 40 e 80 g m-3 de carbureto de cálcio permitiram a antecipação e a padronização do amadurecimento dos frutos em quatro dias, durante o armazenamento, Enquanto para a maior concentração (110 g m-3), a maturação completa foi acelerada, ocorrendo entre dois e quatro dias de armazenamento.

ABSTRACT Among the less exploited Brazilian native fruit trees, the Spondias dulcis (cajá-manga) has many uses, being their fruits appreciated in fresh consumption and its pulp used in popsicles, ice-creams, and jellies production. However, there is a lack of research on this species, being necessary more studies. This work aimed to characterize the physical and chemical quality and the genetic diversity of Spondias dulcis fruits harvested in different accessions in the municipality of Jataí - GO. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six treatments (accessions), ten replications with ten fruits per plot, totaling a sample of 600 fruits. The fruits were evaluated for pulp and peel color, pulp yield, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio, and vitamin C content. The fruits from accessions M4 and M5 presented physical and chemical characteristics higher than the other plants. The evaluated accessions presented genetic variability, being the methodology employed efficiently to indicate this variability, in which the accession M2 was the most divergent.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar as correlações entre as características do fruto e da polpa de uma cultivar comercial de maracujá-amarelo (FB 200) infectada com o cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). A infecção natural foi constatada após o início da floração. Os parâmetros peso, comprimento, diâmetro, espessura da casca, rendimento de polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e relação de sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável foram avaliados. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados composto por 20 parcelas, com cinco repetições. Os dados foram submetidos a análises descritivas à correlação de Pearson a 1 e 5% de significância. O CABMV diminuiu a qualidade e as características físicas dos frutos, mas estes ainda podem ser destinados às indústrias de processamento de sucos. Correlações positivas significativas foram observadas entre muitos parâmetros avaliados.

Abstract This work aimed to characterize and evaluate the correlations between fruit and pulp characteristics of a commercial cultivar of yellow passion fruit (FB 200) infected with the cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). The observation of natural infection occurred after the beginning of flowering. The parameters weight, length, and diameter, peel thickness, pulp yield, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and the soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio were evaluated. A completely randomized block design composed of 20 plots with five replications was adopted. The data were subject to descriptive analyses and Pearson’s Correlation at 1 and 5% of significance. CABMV has decreased the quality and physical characteristics of fruits, but they still could be destined for juice processing industries. Many parameters of the fruits presented significant positive correlations.

ABSTRACT The Cerrado biome has several species that can generate income, and the cajá-manga is one of these native species with great potential but with scarce information about its morphological characterization. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the fruit, endocarp, seeds, and seedlings of cajá-manga morphologically. The fruits were evaluated by the characteristics of the length, width, and diameter of the fruit, endocarp, and seeds, the number of loculi, and the weight of fruits and endocarp. The plantlets were evaluated for the number of seedlings per endocarp, number of leaflets, number of leaflets of the 3rd and 4th leaves, stem diameter, length of the shoot and root, root and shoot dry matter and data analyzed by descriptive analysis. The morphometric characteristics of the fruits, endocarp, and seeds were analyzed using the Scott-Knott test. The morphological characteristics of the fruits, the endocarps, the seeds, and the plantlets of cajá-manga varied within the mother plants. These results can be used as a basis for future selection of plants with desirable characteristics on breeding programs.

ABSTRACT During ripening, many transformations occur in passion fruits. The ripening stage affects fruit quality and post-harvest properties. Fruits with 65% yellow epidermis present chemical characteristics that meet industrial standards, facilitating harvest estimations and loss avoidance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the post-harvest properties of passion fruit species (genotypes of the yellow passion fruit and sweet passion fruit, and yellow passion fruit cultivar FB 200) during ripening. The fruits were evaluated by the color of the epidermis and the chemical characteristics of the pulp (titratable acidity, vitamin C, carotenoids, soluble solids content, and ratio). This experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design and a split-plot arrangement, where the plots were the species and the subplots were the evaluation periods (50, 58, 66, 74 and 82 days after anthesis), with four replications and 10 fruits per plot. The yellow passion fruit genotype and cultivar, harvested at 82 days after anthesis, presented desirable characteristics for the juice industry and for fresh consumption. The sweet passion fruit had a higher soluble solids content and titratable acidity ratio because of its high content of soluble solids and low acidity, which translate to a better fruit flavor.

RESUMEN Durante la maduración del maracuyá, se producen muchas transformaciones. La etapa de maduración afecta a la calidad de la fruta y a las propiedades poscosecha. Se sabe que los frutos con un 65% de epidermis amarilla presentan características químicas dentro del estándar requerido por la industria, lo que permite anticipar la cosecha y evitar pérdidas. Así, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades postcosecha de especies de fruta de la pasión (amarilla, dulce y el cv. FB 200) durante la maduración. Los frutos fueron evaluados por el color de la epidermis y las características químicas de la pulpa (acidez titulable, vitamina C, carotenoides, sólidos solubles y proporción). El experimento se realizó en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo de parcelas subdivididas, donde las parcelas constituyen las especies y las subparcelas constituyen los períodos de evaluación (50, 58, 66, 74 y 82 días después de la antesis), con cuatro repeticiones y 10 frutos por parcela. Los frutos del genotipo de maracuyá amarilla y el cultivar cosechados 82 días después de la antesis presentan características deseables ya sea para la industria del jugo o para consumo fresco. La fruta de la pasión dulce presenta una mayor proporción entre sólidos solubles y acidez titulable, debido a su alto contenido en sólidos solubles y bajo contenido de acidez, lo que implica un gran sabor a fruta.

RESUMO: A gabirobeira é uma espécie nativa do Cerrado brasileiro com potencial para uso em sistemas de cultivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) em estacas radiculares de progênies de Gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium). As estacas radiculares foram obtidas de progênies de Gabirobeira de um e dois anos de idade. Estes foram segmentados em 5 cm de comprimento e apresentavam entre 1,90 a 3,22 mm de diâmetro, imersos nas concentrações: 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 e 4.0 mg L-1 de BAP por 15 segundos e plantados em bandejas contendo Bioplant®. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4 (idades das estacas x concentrações de BAP), com quinze repetições por tratamento. Após 140 dias, foram avaliados o número de estacas com brotações, número de brotações, número de folhas e diâmetro da raiz principal. Estacas de raízes de progênies de dois anos de idade apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento. Menores concentrações de citocinina trouxeram melhores resultados de emissão e número de brotações das progênies de ambas as idades.

ABSTRACT: The gabirobeira is a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado with potential for use in cropping systems. This study evaluated the effect of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on root cuttings of gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium). The plant material was obtained from gabirobeira progenies of one and two-years-old. The cuttings were segmented in 5 cm length and 1.90 to 3.22 mm diameter, immersed in the following BAP concentrations: 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1 for 15 seconds and planted in trays containing the substrate Bioplant®. A complete randomized experimental design was adopted in a factorial scheme 2x4, (cuttings age x BAP concentrations) with fifteen replicates per treatment. After 140 days the number of cuttings with shoots, number of shoots, number of leaves, and diameter of the main root were evaluated. The better development of the cuttings was observed on progenies of two-years-old. The lowest cytokinin concentrations promoted the better emission and number of shoots of the progenies from both ages.

Resumo O pessegueiro é uma fruteira de clima temperado, propagada por meio de enxertia com a cultivar copa e o porta enxerto oriundo de sementes, o que resulta em reduzida uniformidade, sendo a propagação por estaquia herbácea uma alternativa viável. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de diferentes genótipos de porta-enxerto de pessegueiro propagados por estaquia herbácea. O experimento foi realizado utilizando-se de estacas padronizadas em 15 cm de comprimento, tratadas em solução de AIB, na concentração de 3.000 mg L-1 que, posteriormente, foram transplantadas para embalagens de polietileno com capacidade para 3 L. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por três plantas. Foram testados 16 genótipos de pessegueiro oriundos do programa de melhoramento genético da UFV: 713-3; 713-6; 713-7; 713-10; 813-2; 813-3; 813-5; 813-15; 913-3; 913-6; 913-11; 913-17;C6; C7 e C8; e após 80 dias, foram avaliados os parâmetros: comprimento de haste (cm), diâmetro de haste (mm) e comprimento de entrenós (cm). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, pelo teste F; e as médias, comparadas pelo teste Scott-Knott, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, com o auxílio do programa estatístico GENES. Conclui-se que o menor desenvolvimento inicial foi obtido no genótipo 1113-11, e as maiores estacas foram obtidas nos genótipos 713-13 e 813-5.

Abstract The peach tree is a temperate fruit tree propagated by grafting with the scion cultivar and the rootstock from seeds, generating low uniformity, a viable alternative is propagation by herbaceous cuttings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of different genotypes of peach rootstock propagated by herbaceous cuttings. The experiment was carried out with standardized cuttings of 15 cm in length treated with 3,000 mg L-1 of IBA solution, then were transplanted into 3 L polyethylene bags. A completely randomized design with five replications was adopted, each plot consisting of three plants. Sixteen peach genotypes from UFV breeding program were tested: 713-3, 713-6, 713-7, 713-10, 813-2, 813-3, 813-5, 813-15, 913-3, 913-6, 913-11, 913-17, C6, C7 and C8. After 80 days the following parameters were evaluated: stem length (cm), stem diameter (mm) and internode length (cm). Data were subjected to analysis of variance by the F test and averages compared by the Scott-Knott test at a 5% probability level with the GENES statistical software. It can be concluded that the lower initial development was observed in genotype 1113-11 and the highest initial development was from genotypes 713-13 and 813-5.

Resumo As plantas de Anacardium humile A. St.- Hil. (cajuzinho-do-cerrado) possuem potencial produtivo, sendo seus frutos apreciados na região do Cerrado por apresentarem sabor característico; no entanto, esta espécie ainda é explorada de forma extrativista, fazendo com que sejam necessários estudos que objetivem sua domesticação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar a área foliar de plantas de Anacardium humile. As folhas foram coletadas na coleção biológica de um campo de recursos genéticos e avaliadas quanto ao comprimento, largura e massa fresca, e foram escaneadas na resolução de 300 dpi para determinar a área foliar com auxílio do programa de análise de imagens ImageJ. Posteriormente, foi destacado um disco foliar na porção basal de cada folha com o auxílio de um vazador de 22,27 mm, no qual se obteve a massa fresca dos discos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise descritiva, e a relação entre as características, explicadas pela correlação de Pearson no programa Rbio. Os dados foram ainda submetidos a analises de regressão para explicar a relação entre a área foliar e as medidas de comprimento, largura e peso das folhas, e para ajustar o modelo matemático adequado com o software Origin. Concluiu-se que a área foliar pode ser determinada por programas de análises de imagens que a as medidas lineares se relacionam com a área foliar.

Abstract The Anacardium humile A. St.- Hil. fruit tree has productive potential, being their fruits appreciated in the Cerrado region for having characteristic flavor, however, this species is still exploited in an extractive way, being necessary studies for its domestication. The aim of this work was to estimate the leaf area of Anacardium humile. One hundred leaves were collected in the biological collection from a genetic resources field and evaluated for length, width and fresh weight, and scanned at resolution of 300 dpi to determine the leaf area with the aid of the ImageJ image analysis program. Subsequently, a leaf disc with a diameter of 22.27 mm was detached at the basal portion of each leaf, in which the fresh weight of the discs was obtained. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis and the relationship among the features explained by Pearson’s correlation with the software Rbio. The data were also subjected to regression analysis to explain the relationship between leaf area and measurements of width, length and leaf weight, and to fit the proper statistical model with the software Origin. It was concluded that leaf area can be determined by image analysis software and linear measurements are correlated to leaf area.

ABSTRACT The identification of productive plants with fruits of desirable characteristics contributes to the optimization of commercial crops of red mombin fruits. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity among the provenance of red mombin of two municipalities of the state of Goiás. The fruits were harvested at ripening stage 3 and transported to the laboratory. The treatments were composed of fruits harvested from three plants, being ten repetitions and five fruits per experimental plot, totaling fifty fruits per provenance. Considering each repetition as an individual, 15 individuals were evaluated for length, diameter, weight, color attributes of the pericarp and pulp, soluble solids content and titratable acidity of the pulp, ratio of soluble solids content and acidity, and vitamin C content of the pulp. The results were subjected to descriptive analysis. A multivariate analysis was performed estimating the mean Euclidean distance obtained from the provenances, based on the attributes of the fruits analyzed. The measure of similarity and grouping of the provenances were done through the Tocher optimization algorithm and UPGMA dendrogram. The variables contributed similarly to dissimilarity. The Tocher method grouped the individuals into four groups, while in the UPGMA dendrogram, seven groups were formed.