ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the swallowing alteration markers in patients with and without COVID-19 and to study the predictive variables of oral feeding contraindication in patients requiring prolonged orotracheal intubation. Methods Retrospective case-control study, with medical record data collection of clinical and demographic variables and the clinical evaluation of swallowing. The collected variables were statistically compared between patients with COVID-19 (SG) and without COVID-19 (CG). Robust Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 and other variables on oral feeding contraindication. Results 351 patients were included, 269 in the SG and 82 in the CG. Patients in the SG were younger when compared to the CG (50.7 ± 12.8). The total time of orotracheal intubation was significantly longer in the SG. The patients in the SG had a higher prevalence of weak cough, dysphonia, worse degrees of dysphagia and higher occurrence of contraindication of oral feeding. In the bivariate analysis, it was found that patients with COVID-19 were 65% more likely to have oral feeding contraindication. However, when COVID-19 was adjusted with other clinical and demographic variables, it was found that these variables had a greater influence on the contraindication of the oral feeding than the COVID-19. Conclusion Prolonged orotracheal intubation had a worse effect on alteration markers in swallowing and reintroduction of the oral feeding in COVID-19 patients. Age over 60 years, orotracheal intubation time greater than 5 days, reintubation, and delirium were shown to be predictive of oral feeding contraindication in intubated patients.

RESUMO Objetivo comparar os marcadores de alteração na deglutição de pacientes com e sem COVID-19 e estudar as variáveis preditivas de contraindicação da alimentação por via oral em pacientes com necessidade de intubação orotraqueal prolongada. Métodos estudo caso-controle, retrospectivo, com coleta de prontuário de variáveis clínicas e demográficas e da avaliação clínica da deglutição. As variáveis coletadas foram comparadas estatisticamente entre pacientes com COVID-19 (grupo estudo -GE) e sem COVID-19 (grupo-controle - GC). A análise de regressão de robusta de Poisson foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito da COVID-19 e das demais variáveis na contraindicação da alimentação por via oral. Resultados foram incluídos 351 pacientes, 269 no GE e 82 no GC. Pacientes do GE apresentaram menor idade, quando comparados ao GC (50,7 ± 12,8). O tempo total de intubação orotraqueal foi significativamente maior no GE. Os pacientes do GE apresentaram maior prevalência de tosse fraca, disfonia, piores graus de disfagia e maior ocorrência de contraindicação da alimentação por via oral. Na análise bivariada, verificou-se que os pacientes com COVID-19 apresentaram 65% maior probabilidade dessa contraindicação. Entretanto, quando a COVID-19 foi ajustada com outras variáveis clínicas e demográficas, verificou-se que as estas apresentaram maior influência sobre a contraindicação de alimentação por via oral do que a COVID-19. Conclusão a intubação orotraqueal prolongada teve pior efeito nos marcadores de alteração na deglutição e na reintrodução da via oral de pacientes com COVID-19. A idade maior que 60 anos, tempo de intubação orotraqueal maior que cinco dias, reintubação e delirium demonstraram ser preditivas de contraindicação da alimentação por via oral em pacientes intubados.

Abstract Introduction Sensory deficits of the upper airways are common in people with Parkinson disease. Compounded by considerable deterioration of the swallowing function, these deficits may contribute to the elevated rates of morbidity and mortality among this population. Objective To examine the sensitivity of the vocal tracts of people with Parkinson disease using nasal videoendoscopy and to compare the results with paired controls. Methods The present was a prospective, observational, case-control study. Sensitivity assessments were conducted in a sample of 24 people divided into 2 groups: one group of 12 patients with Parkinson’s disease, and a control group with 12 healthy subjects. The study group also underwent a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and answered the Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire (SQD) to detect dysphagia. Results There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the region of the arytenoid cartilages, showing that sensitivity was better preserved among the control group, and that sensitivity deficits were present in the study group. The qualitative results showed sensorial impairment in the study group than in the control group regarding the base of the tongue, the vestibular folds, and the vocal folds. The study group showed self-awareness regarding the deficits in the swallowing function, but there was no statistically significant association between swallowing function deficits and deterioration of sensorial function among them. Conclusions Sensorial deficits were present in the study group when compared to the healthy subjects, mainly in the qualitative evaluation.

Abstract Introduction Dysphagia is a relevant symptom in Parkinson disease (PD), and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. To date, researchers have not investigated the effects of combined motor tasks on swallowing. Such an assessment is of particular interest in PD, in which patients have specific difficulties while performing two movements simultaneously. Objective The present study tested the hypothesis that performing concurrent tasks could decrease the safety of swallowing in PD patients as visualized using fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Methods A total of 19 patients and 19 controls matched by age, gender, and level of schooling were compared by FEES under two conditions: isolated swallowing and dual task (swallowing during non-sequential opposition of the thumb against the other fingers). The two tasks involved volumes of food of 3 mL and 5 mL. The PD subjects were classified according to the Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) Scale, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The FEES assessment was performed according to the Boston Residue and Clearance Scale (BRACS). Results The data showed a significant worsening of swallowing in the dual task assessment for both volumes (3 mL: p ≤ 0.001; 5 mL: p ≤ 0.001) in the PD group. A correlation between the MoCA and dual-task swallowing of 3 mL was also found. Conclusion These findings suggest that additional tasks involving manual motor movements result in swallowing impairment in patients with PD. Moreover, these data highlight the need to further evaluate such conditions during treatment and assessment of PD patients.

Abstract Introduction Tinnitus is a symptom that affects mainly the elderly and can negatively influence their quality of life. Objective The objective of our study is to evaluate the existence of a relationship between the quality of life and the impact caused by tinnitus in elderly individuals, considering the age and gender variables. Method We conducted a cross-sectional study in elderly people of both genders who participate in the extension activities at the university. The evaluation was composed of anamnesis and WHOQOL-OLD instruments, to evaluate the quality of life, and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) for the evaluation of the tinnitus impact. Result We evaluated 36 elderly individuals with an average age of 68.6 ± 6.8 years old, 72.2 % of them were women. We verified that most of the subjects classified their tinnitus as weak (44.4%) ormedium (36.1%). The score average in the THI was 20 points, with predominant classification of tinnitus impact as negligible (41.7%) or mild (30.6%). In the WHOQOL-OLD, the average score was 15.6 ± 1.6 points (total score). The negative correlation between the THI score and the WHOQOL-OLD score was found in the sensory domain operation and total score. Conclusion The results obtained in the study prove that the quality of life of the elderly individuals evaluated is related to a discomfort caused by the tinnitus.

Introduction Velopharyngeal sphincter is a portion of the muscle of the palatopharyngeal arch that is capable of separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. It has not been determined yet whether voice intensity has an influence on this capacity. Velopharyngeal sphincter closure is accomplished by elevating and retracting the soft palate at the same time as the nasopharyngeal walls are constricted. Objective This study aims to correlate voice intensity with velopharyngeal sphincter closure in individuals without velopharyngeal dysfunction and patients with cleft lip and palate. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, comparative, and contemporary study. The sample consisted of 16 individuals in the control group and 16 individuals in the study group. Patients underwent instrumental assessment, which we subsequently analyzed using a computer program, and a brief medical history review. The mean age of the control group was 27.6 years, whereas the mean age of the case group was 15.6 years. Results Cases showed higher voice intensity in regular and weak fricative sentences when compared with controls. There was no agreement on the analysis of the instrumental assessment between the assessors and the computer program. Regardless of voice intensity, the computer program demonstrated a similar closure pattern. Conclusion The computer program showed similar closure pattern for the three levels of intensity. There was no agreement between the three assessors and the closure pattern determined by the computer program. There was no statistically significant correlation between voice intensity and degree of velopharyngeal sphincter closure.

Objetivo Avaliar a viabilidade e segurança da ressonância magnética funcional para a avaliação de áreas corticais envolvidas na deglutição. Estratégia de pesquisa Conduziu-se uma busca entre abril de 2003 e abril de 2013, usando as palavras chave “functional magnetic resonance imaging” or“fMRI” and “dysphagia” e“functional magnetic resonance imaging” or“fMRI” and “swallowing” na base de dados PubMed. Critérios de seleção Os estudos foram revisados por análise de seus títulos eabstracts e os critérios de inclusão utilizados foram: pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos, utilização de exames neurofuncionais, referência à função de deglutição, análise de população adulta e/ou idosa, relação com patologias neurológicas. Resultados A estratégia de busca resultou em 1167 citações, das quais apenas 35 preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade. Conclusão A ressonância magnética funcional foi considerada segura e viável para a avaliação de áreas corticais envolvidas na deglutição. Entretanto, os relatos de utilização de ressonâcia magnética funcional diferiram entre os estudos revisados e houve variabilidade na metodologia utilizada, dificultando as comparações.

Purpose Evaluate the feasibility and safety of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for the evaluation of cortical areas involved in swallowing. Research strategy The search was conducted from April 2003 to April 2013, using the keywords “functional magnetic resonance imaging” or“fMRI” and “dysphagia” and“functional magnetic resonance imaging” or“fMRI” and “swallowing” in “PubMed” database. Selection criteria Studies were reviewed by analyzing their titles and abstracts with the following inclusion criteria: research involving human subjects, use of neurofunctional tests, reference to swallowing function, adult and/or elderly population analysis and association with neurological disorders. Results the search strategy resulted in 1167 citations, from which only 35 met the eligibility criteria. Conclusion the functional magnetic resonance imaging was considered safe and feasible for evaluating cortical areas involved in swallowing. However, the reports of functional magnetic resonance usage differed between the reviewed studies and the variability in the methodology used, made meaningful comparisons difficult.

Introduction Surgical repair of congenital heart disease in the first years of life compromises the coordination of the suction, breathing, and swallowing functions. Objective To describe the alterations in swallowing found in infants with congenital heart defect during their hospitalization. Methods Prospective, cross-sectional study in a reference hospital for heart disease. The sample consisted of 19 postsurgical patients who underwent an evaluation of swallowing. The infants included were younger than 7 months and had a diagnosis of congenital heart defect and suspected swallowing difficulties. Results Of the 19 infants with congenital heart defect, the median age was 3.2 months. A significant association was found between suction rhythm and dysphagia (p = 0.036) and between oral-motor oral feeding readiness and dysphagia (p = 0.014). Conclusions The data suggest that dysphagia often occurs after surgery in infants with congenital heart defect. Infants with congenital heart defect had very similar behavior to preterm infants in terms of oral feeding readiness.

RESUMO A Estimulação Cerebral Profunda (ECP) tem sido uma técnica cirúrgica bastante utilizada devido à redução significativa dos sintomas motores. Objetivos: Verificar, a partir das publicações, quais os instrumentos mais utilizados para avaliação cognitiva em pacientes com DP submetidos à ECP. Métodos: Foi realizado uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline, EBECS, Scielo e LILACS utilizando os descritores "Deep Brain Stimulation", "Verbal Fluency", "Parkinson Disease", "Executive Function", "Cognition" e "Cognitive Assessment" de forma combinada. Resultados: O teste de Fluência Verbal o instrumento mais utilizado para esta investigação nos estudos encontrados, seguido pelo Teste de Nomeação de Boston. Foram também encontradas referências aos testes Teste de Stroop, Teste das Trilhas, Teste de Aprendizado Auditivo Verbal de Rey. Conclusões: A validação de instrumentos para esta população se faz necessária bem como a utilização de baterias com mais especificidade e sensibilidade para detecção das alterações cognitivas nesta população.

ABSTRACT Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a widely used surgical technique in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) that can lead to significant reductions in motor symptoms. Objectives: To determine, from publications, the most commonly used instruments for cognitive evaluation of individuals with PD undergoing DBS. Methods: A systematic review of the databases: PubMed, Medline, EBECS, Scielo and LILACS was conducted, using the descriptors "Deep Brain Stimulation", "Verbal Fluency", "Parkinson Disease", "Executive Function", "Cognition" and "Cognitive Assessment" in combination. Results: The Verbal Fluency test was found to be the most used instrument for this investigation in the studies, followed by the Boston Naming Test. References to the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test were also found. Conclusions: The validation of instruments for this population is needed as is the use of batteries offering greater specificity and sensitivity for the detection of cognitive impairment.