Abstract One-part alkali-activated binder (AAB) is a product with lower environmental impact than Portland cement, and can be a feasible commercial alternative. The main objective of this study was to propose and test a method of obtaining one-part AAB with metakaolin and an alternative powder sodium silicate from rice husk ash (RHA). To evaluate the AAB properties, mortars were produced with different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios (2.7, 3.1, and 3.3), and tests were conducted to characterize the binder. The results indicated that the process was efficient in generating a non-crystalline sodium silicate powdered material. With high SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio the mortars achieved high compressive strength and it increased with age, had low permeability, and capillary water absorption. Compressive strength results varied from 6 MPa to 12 MPa at 28 days, indicating the possibility of using the proposed method for one-part AAB production. AAB produced can be applied in different building materials.

RESUMO Práticas mais sustentáveis que reduzam os impactos causados no meio ambiente são cada vez mais utilizadas, juntamente com o crescimento de normas, programas e certificações que atuam nos setores industriais com a finalidade de mitigar ações que prejudiquem o meio ambiente. A indústria da construção civil é uma das que mais contribuem com o prejuízo ambiental devido seus altos índices de perdas e desperdícios. Consequentemente, o uso de materiais sustentáveis na construção se encontra cada vez mais necessário. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo principal um estudo do tijolo solo-cimento, mais conhecido como tijolo ecológico, produzido em olaria comunitária e usado em HIS (Habitação de interesse social) na cidade de Limeira-SP. Para isso foi realizado, em laboratório, a verificação da resistência à compressão axial do tijolo solo-cimento, bem como suas dimensões, de acordo com a norma NBR 8492:2012. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente e comparados com valores requisitados pela norma NBR 8491:2012. Além disso, foram analisados tijolos fabricados em ambiente controlado, com quatro relações de solo e cimento diferentes e feito o mesmo procedimento para a verificação da resistência à compressão axial e dimensões. Outro fator estudado foi a substituição parcial da matéria prima natural por resíduos do próprio tijolo. Conforme as etapas anteriores, também foram analisadas as dimensões e a resistência à compressão axial. Os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios: os tijolos com adições de agregados reciclados apresentaram valores de resistência à compressão maiores do que o convencional.

ABSTRACT More sustainable practices that reduce the impacts caused on the environment are increasingly used, together with the growth of standards, programs and certifications that work in the industrial sectors in order to mitigate actions that harm the environment. The construction industry is one that most contribute to environmental damage due to its high rates of losses and waste. Consequently, the use of sustainable materials in construction is increasingly necessary. This aims study the soil-cement brick, better known as ecological brick, produced in community pottery and used in HSI (Housing of social interest) in the city of Limeira-SP. For this purpose, in the laboratory, the verification of the axial compression strength of the soil-cement brick was carried out, as well as its dimensions, according to the standard NBR 8492:2012. The data were analyzed statistically and compared with values required by the standard NBR 8491:2012. In addition, bricks manufactured in a controlled environment with four different soil and cement ratios were analyzed and the same procedure was performed to check the axial compression strength and dimensions. Another factor studied was the partial replacement of the natural raw material with residues from the brick itself. According to the previous steps, dimensions and resistance to axial compression were also analyzed. The results found were satisfactory: the bricks with additions of recycled aggregates showed higher compressive strength values than the conventional one.

RESUMO O assunto sustentabilidade vem crescendo cada vez mais, junto com a necessidade de redução de emissão de gás carbônico por todo o mundo. De modo que projetos, técnicas, e materiais que não prejudiquem o meio ambiente estão ganhando espaço nas pesquisas e nos mercados. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo principal um estudo de caso do processo produtivo e construtivo com tijolo solo-cimento, mais conhecido como tijolo ecológico, de uma HIS (Habitação de Interesse Social) na cidade de Limeira-SP. Para isso foram realizados o mapeamento do processo produtivo dos tijolos, os quais são produzidos pelo próprio mutuário na olaria da prefeitura, e o mapeamento da construção da alvenaria em obra. Foram abordados conceitos Lean, tais como: Lean Construction e Mapeamento de Fluxo de Valor (MFV). Os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios, de modo que se propôs uma diminuição no tempo de produção dos tijolos solo-cimento em quase 50%, usando a ferramenta mapeamento de fluxo de valor. Foi possível diminuir em dois dias o tempo de construção da alvenaria de tijolo solo-cimento para uma residência de aproximadamente 50 m2, apenas introduzindo atividades em paralelo e utilizando a mão de obra de maneira mais eficiente.

ABSTRACT Sustainability issue is growing more and more, along with the need to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide around the world. So, projects, techniques and materials that don’t harm the environment are gaining ground in research and markets. This work has as main objective a case study of the production and construction process of soil-cement brick, better known as ecological brick, of a SIH (Social Interest Housing) in the city of Limeira-SP. Other pertinent objectives of this research are the mapping of the productive process of the bricks, which are produced by the borrower himself in the brick factory, and the material flow mapping on construction. For this, Lean concepts will be addressed such as: Lean construction and value flow mapping (VSM) will be addressed. The results were satisfactory, so that a reduction without time of production in the ecological pottery of the soil-cement bricks is proposed in almost 50%, using value-flow mapping. It was possible to reduce in two days the time of construction of masonry of soil-cement brick to a residence of approximately 50m2, only to introduce activities in parallel and to use a labor with more efficient way.

RESUMO O uso de materiais alternativos que minimizem o uso de recursos naturais bem como o impacto ambiental tem sido objeto de diferentes estudos. As argamassas consomem grande quantidade de areia, um recurso natural que os grandes centros urbanos estão com dificuldade de encontrar. A areia de resíduo de isolador de porcelana pode ser uma alternativa, pois a quantidade de resíduo gerada é significativa. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho de pastas e argamassas nos estados fresco e endurecido quando se utiliza o resíduo substituindo o cimento e também a areia natural. Os materiais empregados foram cimento Portland CP II F 40, areia natural de rio e resíduo de isolador de porcelana em duas finuras: material passante na peneira de 2,4 mm e passante na peneira de 75 μm. O cimento foi substituído pelo pó (0%, 10%, 20%, e 30%) e a areia natural foi substituída pela areia de resíduo (0%, 25%, 50%, 100%). Nas pastas foram determinados os tempos de pega e, nas argamassas (relação água/aglomerante 0,8), a consistência, as resistências à compressão e à tração na flexão, e a permeabilidade ao ar nas idades de 7, 28 e 90 dias. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento da quantidade de resíduo aumentou os tempos de pega e houve perda de fluidez, embora as argamassas ainda fossem trabalháveis. A quantidade de areia de resíduo interferiu nas resistências mecânicas das argamassas, mas individualmente as argamassas apresentaram aumento de resistência com a idade. Em geral, os resultados da substituição do cimento e da areia pelo resíduo de isolador de porcelana indicaram bons resultados e a possibilidade de seu uso em argamassas.

ABSTRACT The use of alternative materials to minimize the use of natural resources and also the environmental impacts have been the subject of various researches. Mortars consume large amounts of sand, a raw material that is scarce and not found in urban centers. The sand from electrical insulator waste can be an alternative, since the amount of waste generated is great. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of pastes and mortars in fresh and hardened states when using the waste as replacement of Portland cement and also as natural sand. The materials used were Portland cement CP II F 40, natural river sand, and the waste from porcelain insulator in two fineness: material smaller than 2.4 mm and smaller than 75 μm. The cement was replaced by the porcelain powder (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) and the natural sand was replaced by different amounts of porcelain waste (0%, 25%, 50%, 100%). Setting times were made in cement pastes and the tests on mortars (water/binder ratio 0.8) were consistency, compressive strength, tensile strength, and air permeability at the ages of 7, 28 and 90 days. The increase of the waste content increased the setting times and diminished the mortar fluidity, but the workability was maintained. The mechanical strength decreased, but each mortar showed a resistance increase with age. In general, the results of replacing cement and sand by the porcelain insulator waste had good results and makes it possible to be used in mortars.

ABSTRACT In this work the performance of gypsum plaster and wood particle in pastes and composites was investigated. Wood particles of fineness 0.42 mm and 1.20 mm were employed. Natural wood particles and the treated ones in cold or hot water (80 °C) were performed. The effects of the extractives solutions from the treatments applied to the wood particles on wood-gypsum compatibility were studied. For pastes and composites, water-to-gypsum ratio was 0.65. Wood particles-to-gypsum plaster ratios were 5%, 10% and 15%, in mass. Kinetics of temperature, mechanical performance and dynamic elasticity modulus by ultrasound measurements were applied to evaluate the gypsum plaster pastes and its composites behaviors. Results show that the extractive solutions changed the time of gypsum plaster hydration, being more sensitive to hot water treatment. The composites compressive strength increase with the wood particles pretreatment. The best result was to room temperature treatment. The same performance was found to the modulus of elasticity. Treatments have improved significantly the flexural strength. The best wood particle content was 10%. These results show the possibility of using this wood waste with an easy and simple treatment to make eco-efficient building materials.