Resumo No presente estudo, diferentes níveis de alimentação da dieta formulada com Moringa oleifera foram comparados para analisar o desempenho de crescimento, taxa de conversão alimentar, eficiência de conversão alimentar e microbiologia intestinal de Oreochromis niloticus. O estudo foi composto por quatro grupos de tratamento, incluindo 4%, 8% e 12% de Moringa oleifera e um grupo de controle sem folhas de Moringa. O ensaio experimental foi realizado no laboratório de Zoologia do Instituto de Ciências Aplicadas e Sociais do Paquistão (PIASS), Kasur. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da água como temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos e salinidade em todos os aquários foram encontrados não significativamente diferentes entre si. Na condição controle T1, o ganho médio de peso foi de 14,89±16,90a gramas, enquanto o ganho médio de comprimento foi de 11,52±7,444a cm. No entanto, a contagem total viável em azul de metileno de eosina foi de 7,4×107, 5,8×107 em ágar de soja Tryptic e 5,8×107 em ágar Nutriente. Em T2, o ganho médio de peso foi de 16,22±16,09b gramas e o ganho médio de comprimento foi de 12,97±7,79b cm. A contagem total viável em azul de metileno de eosina foi 7×107, 5,5×107 em ágar de soja Tryptic e 5,8×107 em ágar Nutriente. Em T3, o ganho médio de peso foi de 37,88±27,43c gramas, enquanto o ganho médio de comprimento foi registrado como 16,48±12,56c cm. No entanto, a contagem total viável para o tratamento 3 foi de 6,4×10 em azul de metileno de eosina, 4,8×107 em ágar soja Tryptic e 5,2×107 em ágar Nutriente. Em T4, o ganho médio de peso foi de 44,22±31,67d gramas, enquanto o ganho médio de comprimento foi de 15,25±10,49d cm. A contagem total viável foi de 4,3×107 em Eosin metileno blue, 3,1×107 em Tryptic soy agar e 3,8×107 em Nutrient agar. O efeito da Moringa oleifera no crescimento de Oreochromis niloticus foi significativo e o extrato de Moringa a 12% apresentou ganho máximo de comprimento e peso e conversão alimentar mínima com a menor contagem microbiana no intestino dos peixes.

Abstract In current study, different feeding levels of Moringa oleifera formulated diet was compared to analyze the growth performance, feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency and gut microbiology of Oreochromis niloticus. The study was comprised of four treatment groups including 4%, 8% and 12% Moringa oleifera and one control group which was devoid of Moringa leaves. The experimental trial was conducted at the Zoology laboratory of Pakistan Institute of Applied and Social Sciences, (PIASS) Kasur. The physicochemical parameters of water such as temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids and salinity in all aquaria were found non-significantly different from each other. In control condition T1, the average weight gain was 14.89±16.90a grams, while average length gain was 11.52±7.444a cm. However, the total viable count on Eosin methylene blue was 7.4×107, 5.8×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 5.8×107on Nutrient agar. In T2, the average weight gain was 16.22±16.09b grams and average length gain was 12.97±7.79b cm. The total viable count on Eosin methylene blue was 7×107, 5.5×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 5.8×107on Nutrient agar. In T3, the average weight gain was 37.88±27.43c grams, while the average length gain was recorded as 16.48±12.56c cm. However, the total viable count for treatment 3 was 6.4×10 on Eosin methylene blue, 4.8×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 5.2×107on Nutrient agar. In T4, the average weight gain was 44.22±31.67d grams, while the average length gain was 15.25±10.49d cm. The total viable count was 4.3×107on Eosin methylene blue, 3.1×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 3.8×107 on Nutrient agar. The effect of Moringa oleifera on the growth of Oreochromis niloticus was found to be significant and 12% Moringa extract showed maximum length and weight gain and minimum feed conversion ratio with the least microbial count in fish intestine.

Resumo Desenvolvimento da resistência a inseticidas principalmente em dobradiça com técnicas de manejo para o controle de jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Cinco inseticidas foram aplicados contra populações de jassídeos coletados em campo e em laboratório durante os anos de 2017 a 2019 para traçar o perfil de seu nível de resistência contra populações de jassídeos em campo através do método de imersão nas folhas. Nível de resistência muito baixo foi encontrado em jassid contra confidor, enquanto alto nível de resistência foi observado por piriproxifeno contra outros inseticidas de teste. Resistência gradual foi observada contra o diafenthiuron. Conclui-se que, para o manejo do jassid, a repetição do mesmo inseticida deve ser evitada. O uso de confidor pode ser reduzido para superar a resistência contra jassid.

Abstract Development of insecticides resistance mainly hinge with managements techniques for the control of Jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Five insecticides were applied against field collected and laboratory rared jassid populations during the years of 2017 to 2019 to profile their resistance level against field population of jassid through leaf dip method. Very low resistance level was found in jassid against confidor whereas high level of resistance was observed by pyriproxyfen against other test insecticides. Gradual resistance was observed against diafenthiuron. It is concluded that for the management of Jassid repetition of same insecticide should be avoided. The use of confidor may be reduced to overcome resistance against Jassid.

Resumo A planta Bauhinia variegata é uma etnomedicina muito popular e tradicionalmente potente. Portanto, as características de melhoria de B. variegata foram estudadas. Foi avaliada a determinação dos teores antioxidantes e polifenólicos. O ensaio de letalidade do camarão de salmoura foi realizado para determinar a citotoxicidade preliminar e a atividade antiproliferativa contra linhas de células de câncer de mama MCF-7 usando protocolos de MTT. Além disso, foram detectadas atividades antimicrobianas. O ensaio da alfa-amilase foi realizado para monitorar o potencial antidiabético da planta. Dentre vinte amostras diferentes, o extrato metanólico (EM) da casca apresentou os maiores teores fenólicos totais. A EM das folhas apresentou excelente conteúdo de flavonoides, atividade antioxidante significativa foi exibida pelo extrato hexânico do caule. O extrato do caule de hexano exibe 77,40% como citotóxico em DL50 10,50 µg/mL quando avaliado através do ensaio de letalidade de artêmia. Extratos de hexano e acetato de etila de raiz e caule mostraram atividade antiproliferativa contra a linhagem celular MCF7 de câncer de mama humano (IC50 12,10-14,20 µg/mL). Para potencial antimicrobiano importante, vários extratos exibiram excelentes atividades antibacteriana e antifúngica, enquanto o extrato de n-hexano da raiz mostrou atividade antidiabética (60,80 ± 0,20% na concentração de 200 µg/mL). Em suma, estes resultados preliminares serão úteis para isolamento adicional de compostos a partir de partes de plantas selecionadas para a descoberta de candidatos a antibacterianos, antidiabéticos e anticâncer.

Abstract Bauhinia variegata plant is a very popular and traditionally potent ethnomedicine. Therefore, it is need of hour to study ameliorative characteristics of B. variegata for novel secondary metabolites. The current study was designed to explore antiproliferative potential of B. variegata due to scant reports on this aspect. Extracts of various parts (flowers, leaves, bark, stem, and roots) were prepared by successive maceration using organic solvents in increasing order of polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water). The determination of polyphenolic contents was done by using colorimetric methods while antioxidant potential was measured using reducing power assay. Brine shrimp lethality assay was performed for determining preliminary cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity against breast cancer MCF-7 cell line using MTT protocols. Moreover, antimicrobial activities were detected by using disc diffusion assay. The alpha-amylase assay was performed to monitor the antidiabetic potential of the plant. In case of phytochemical analysis methanolic extract of leaves and bark showed highest phenolic and flavonoids contents. n-Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of stem and roots exhibited more than 90% mortality with LD50 ranges between 1-25 µg/mL when studied by brine shrimp lethality assay. n-Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of roots and stem also showed antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line with IC50 values ranges between 12.10-14.20 µg/mL. Most of the extracts displayed moderately high antibacterial and antifungal activities. The n-hexane extract of roots showed antidiabetic activity with 60.80 ± 0.20% inhibition of alpha-amylase. In sum, these preliminary results will be useful for further compound isolation from selected plant parts for the discovery of antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticancer lead candidates.

SUMMARY: This research was to examine the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of prepuce samples, as well as vimentin and S100 protein localization and statistical analysis. Urologists have long struggled with the prepuce, which is used to treat a variety of urethral problems. Skin biopsies were collected from the prepuce at the moment of circumcision and processed for light microscopy, electron microscope examination, immunohistochemical techniques, and statistical analysis in a total of six boys. Histologically, the prepuce epidermis displayed focal spiky ridges, which are saw-toothed interspersed with sulci, slight hyperpigmentation, looser connective tissue and plentiful vascular components. Immunohistochemically, the existence of melanocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis, as well as smooth muscles in the dermis, was stained positively for vimentin. Also, there was a positive reactivity of the Langerhans cells in the epidermis and around Meissner's corpuscles in the dermis for S100 protein staining. Ultrastructurally, the prepuce's intercellular gaps were widened, melanocytes rested on a folded basement membrane, and desmosomal content was reduced, with a prominent active euchromatic nucleus. Cytoplasmic projections were distended and elongated, and the interstitial blood vessels were surrounded by endothelial cells and rested on a basement membrane. There were also minimal collagen fibers in the interstitium. The prepuce's histological and ultrastructural features, as well as immunohistological studies using vimentin and S100 protein as intermediate filaments and statistical analysis, all demonstrated that it is a useful scientific resource.

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó para examinar las características histológicas y ultraestructurales de las muestras de prepucio, así como la localización y el análisis estadístico de la vimentina y la proteína S100. Los urólogos han intentado trabajar durante mucho tiempo con el prepucio, que se usa para tratar una variedad de problemas uretrales. Se recolectaron biopsias de piel del prepucio de seis niños en el momento de la circuncisión y se procesaron para microscopía óptica, examen con microscopio electrónico, técnicas inmunohistoquímicas y análisis estadístico. Histológicamente, la epidermis del prepucio mostraba crestas puntiagudas focales, intercaladas con surcos, hiperpigmentación leve, tejido conectivo más laxo y abundantes componentes vasculares. Inmunohistoquímicamente, la existencia de melanocitos y células dendríticas epidérmicas (células de Langerhans), así como músculo liso en la dermis, se tiñeron positivamente para vimentina. Además, hubo una reactividad positiva de las células dendríticas epidérmicas en la epidermis y alrededor de los corpúsculos del tacto (de Meissner) en la dermis para la tinción de la proteína S100. Ultraestructuralmente, los espacios intercelulares del prepucio se ensancharon, los melanocitos descansaban sobre una membrana basal plegada y el contenido desmosómico se redujo, con un núcleo eucromático activo prominente. Las proyecciones citoplasmáticas estaban distendidas y alargadas, y los vasos sanguíneos intersticiales estaban rodeados por células endoteliales y descansaban sobre una membrana basal. También había fibras de colágeno mínimas en el intersticio. Las características histológicas y ultraestructurales del prepucio, así como los estudios inmunohistológicos utilizando vimentina y proteína S100 como filamentos intermedios y el análisis estadístico, demostraron que es un recurso científico útil.

SUMMARY: A scientific determination of fertilization ability of the sperm can be made by motility, viability and morphological examinations that are called as potential fertility criteria. Some previous studies documented only the total morphological defect rates without including the morphologic subjects. As it is recorded in many studies, the success of IUI, ICSI and IVF depends mainly on the quality of the collected semen. 1) Determine and classify the common morphological defects and rates of sperms. 2) Analyze the effect of age on the sperm abnormalities and to assess the impact of environment on changing normal sperm characteristics. 3) Determine the common types of semen abnormalities (Asthenoterato-zoospermia, Asthenozoospermia, Azoopyospermia, Azoospermia, Hypospermia, Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, Oligoasthenozoopyospermia, Oligoasthenozoospermia and Teratozoospermia). 4) Determine the range of teratozoospermic index (TZI) and sperm deformity index (SDI). A prospective case series study for 566 men of infertile couples who were requesting semen analysis was applied to those came to the ULTRALAB laboratory center main campus and ULTRALAB branch of the Sudan Assisted Reproduction Center (SARC), Khartoum, Sudan. Data collection was done for 20 months from April 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2011. analysis of semen samples was done using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA). 1) The study demonstrates that there are differences in normality and abnormality of sperm morphology parameters of sperm between Sudanese population and other studies including WHO standards. 2) SDI and TZI were higher in overall semen as well as in abnormal semen samples. 3) Common semen abnormalities were oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia and asthenozoospermia. There are differences in sperm morphology of both normal and abnormal parameters between Sudanese population and other studies including WHO standards.

RESUMEN: Se realizó una determinación científica de la capacidad de fertilización de los espermatozoides mediante motilidad, viabilidad y exámenes morfológicos denominados criterios de fertilidad potencial. Algunos estudios previos documentan solamente el total de las tasas de defectos morfológicos sin incluir a los sujetos morfológicos. Como se registra en muchos estudios, el éxito de IUI, ICSI y FIV depende principalmente de la calidad del semen recolectado. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) Determinar y clasificar los defectos morfológicos comunes y las tasas de espermatozoides; 2) Analizar el efecto de la edad en las anomalías de los espermatozoides y evaluar el impacto del medio ambiente en el cambio de las características normales de los espermatozoides; 3) Determinar los tipos comunes de anomalías en el semen (astenoterato-zoospermia, astenozoospermia, azoopiepermia, azoospermia, hipospermia, oligoastenoteratozoospermia, oligoastenozoopermia, oligoastenozoospermia y teratozoospermia); 4) Determinar el rango del índice teratozoospérmico (TZI) y el índice de deformidad del esperma (IDE). Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de series de casos en 566 hombres, de parejas infértiles, que solicitaban análisis de semen en laboratorios ULTRALAB y la sucursal de ULTRALAB del Centro de Reproducción Asistida de Sudán (SARC), Jartum, Sudán. La recolección de datos se realizó durante 20 meses, desde el 1 de abril de 2010 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011. El análisis de las muestras de semen se realizó mediante el análisis de semen asistido por computadora (CASA). Existen diferencias en la normalidad y anormalidad de los parámetros de la morfología de los espermatozoides entre la población sudanesa y otros estudios, incluidas las normas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los parámetros SDI y TZI fueron más altos en el semen general, así como en muestras de semen anormales. Las anomalías comunes del semen fueron oligoastenatoatoospermia, astenoteratozoospermia y astenozoospermia. Existen diferencias en la morfología de los espermatozoides de los parámetros normales y anormales entre la población sudanesa y otros estudios que incluyen las normas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

In this article, an integrated computer-assisted process-planning and computer-assisted fixture layout planning system is presented for the automatic generation of process and fixture maps. The part feature model is created using various algorithms and the geometric reasoning approach. The feature-based methodology based on the machining database is then applied for the generation of process maps. The setup scheme algorithm allocates each feature to a definite setup based on its location. The part geometric database and setup plan aids the fixture layout planning process. During fixture layout planning, the standard fixture rules are applied to determine the locating arrangement and feasible datum along with the suitable positions using a fixture database for initial fixture layout planning data. Visual C++ is used to implement the proposed methodology because it interacts with current computer-aided design software. Then a case study is presented to develop an initial fixture layout. Afterwards, the ANSYS parametric design language optimisation tool is applied to automatically optimise locator and clamp positions that yield minimum workpiece deformation. At the end, finite element analysis results depicting deformation magnitudes are presented.

'n Geïntegreerde, rekenaargesteunde prosesbeplanning en rekenaargesteunde hegstuk-uitleg beplanningstelsel vir die outomatiese generasie van proses- en hegtingskaarte word voorgehou. Die onderdeel kenmerkmodel is gegenereer met verskeie algoritmes en die geometriese beredeneringsbenadering. Die kenmerk gebaseerde metodologie, wat op die masjineringsdata-basis gebaseer is, is dan toegepas vir die generasies van proseskaarte. Die opstellingskema algoritme ken elke kenmerk toe aan 'n bepaalde opstelling gebaseer op sy ligging. Die onderdeel geometriese databasis en opstellingsplan dra by tot die hegtingsuitleg beplanningsproses. Tydens hegstuk-uitlegbeplanning word die standaard hegstuk reëls toegepas om die ligging en haalbare verwysingspunt te bepaal saam met geskikte posisies deur middel van 'n hegstukdatabasis as vertrekpunt. Visual C++ is gebruik om die voorgestelde metodologie te implementeer omdat dit met bestaande rekenaargesteunde ontwerpspakkette kan koppel. 'n Gevallestudie word dan ter illustrasie voorgehou. Daarna word ANSYS se optimiseringsfunksie toegepas om die optimale klamp-posisies, wat werkstuk deformasie minimeer, te bepaal. Laastens word 'n eindige element analise wat deformasie-groothede aandui voorgehou.

The study was carried out at two different altitudes in the southern region of Saudi Arabia: Abha, 2,800 meters above sea level, the high altitude (HA) area and Jazan, 40 meters above sea level the low altitude (LA) area. Following exposure to high altitude, testes of rats revealed various types of atrophy and degeneration in the seminiferous tubules and in the interstitial tissue. There was detachment of the basal laminae of the tubules and a profound decrease in cellularity. When rats were brought back to their habitat (LA) and later examined, many tubules showed normal population of cells including spermatids and spermatozoa. Well-arranged epithelium was seen in most of the seminiferous tubules of these animals, normal interstitial space and no detachment of the basal lamina. Apparently complete recovery had been achieved ultrastructurally, in hypoxic group; some spermatogenic cells lost their normal architecture, being irregular in shape with some features of necrosis, such as shrinkage and pyknotic nuclei characterized by chromatin condensation. Significant decrease in epithelial height was noticed in these animals (P <0.05). Also, the diameter of the tubules showed slight decrease with concomitant increase in interstitial spaces.

El estudio se realizó en dos ciudades con alturas diferentes en la región sur de Arabia Saudita: Abha, a 2.800 metros sobre el nivel del mar, una zona de gran altura (GA) y Jazan, a 40 metros sobre el nivel del mar, área de baja altitud (BA). Después de la exposición a una gran altura, los testículos de ratas revelaron varios tipos de atrofia y degeneración en los túbulos seminíferos y en el tejido intersticial. Hubo desprendimiento de la lámina basal de los túbulos y una disminución profunda en la celularidad. Cuando las ratas fueron devueltas a su hábitat (BA) y posteriormente examinadas, muchos túbulos mostraron un número normal de células, incluyendo espermáticas y espermatozoides. El epitelio se observó normal en la mayoría de los túbulos seminíferos de estos animales, con el espacio intersticial normal y sin desprendimiento de la lámina basal. Al parecer, se logró una recuperación ultraestructural completa en el grupo de hipoxia; algunas células de espermatogénesis perdieron su arquitectura normal, siendo de forma irregular con algunas características de necrosis, como la contracción y núcleos picnóticos caracterizados por condensación de la cromatina. Se observó disminución significativa en la altura del epitelio en estos animales (P <0,05). Además, el diámetro de los túbulos mostró una ligera disminución con aumento concomitante en los espacios intersticiales.

To be granted a product license, a vaccine must present adequate quality, safety and efficacy. Studies on these criteria often utilize target species in a laboratory setting. Vaccines that had been proven effective during laboratory analysis may not present the same features when sold on a large scale, after encountering field conditions, and furthermore, can even produce complications. Measures are already in place to detect adverse reactions as reported by veterinarians to manufacturers, so that vaccines under suspicion of failing can be identified and investigated. The present review article describes the main problems, specifically adverse reactions and lack of efficacy, that have been encountered following release of vaccines for general use.