ABSTRACT The growth and yield performance of white oat cultivars may vary in response to doses of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) growth regulator. The objective of the work was to evaluate the lodging and productive performance of white oat cultivars under different doses of trinexapac-ethyl growth regulator. The experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four doses of trinexapac-ethyl (0, 50, 100 and 150 g ha-1) applied in the phenological stage between the 1st visible stalk node and the 2nd perceptible node in two white oat cultivars (URS Altiva and URS Corona). The following were evaluated: plant height, panicle length, panicles per m2, spikelets per panicle, grains per spikelet, number of grains per panicle, thousand grain weight, plant lodging and grain yield. The application of trinexapac-ethyl at doses 100 and 150 g ha-1 reduces plant height and panicle components: length, number of spikelets and grains per panicle of the two cultivars. TE doses above 100 g ha-1 provide a significant reduction in lodging with an increase in the number of panicles per m2 and in grain yield for the two white oat cultivars.

ABSTRACT: Selection for heading date has been a decisive factor to increase areas cropped with oats in Brazil. Although important to oat breeders, genomic regions controlling heading date have not been completely identified. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions controlling oat heading date in subtropical environments. A set of 412 oat genotypes, developed from 1974 to 2015, was assessed for heading date in contrasting environments and genotyped using genotyping–by–sequencing (GBS). Phenotypic and genotypic data were used in single and multi–environment association models. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated to heading date were identified on oat consensus groups Mrg02, Mrg05, Mrg06, Mrg12, and Mrg21. Some of the findings confirmed the association of genomic regions with heading date, while others emerge as new candidate regions associated to the trait. The genomic regions identified on Mrg02 and Mrg12 were associated to Vernalization 3 (Vrn3), while the genomic region identified on Mrg21 is associated with Vernalization 1 (Vrn1). The Vrn1 region was detected in Londrina, an environment with reduced vernalization condition, and in the multi–environment model. The results reveal that some genotypes of the panel are responsive to vernalization, increasing the days to heading without this environmental stimulus. Our results provide important contribution for a better understanding of heading date in subtropical environments and a strong basis for marker–assisted selection in oats.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen fertilization, besides increasing productivity, can favor the production of well-formed, large, and heavy grains, which are traits valued by the oat processing industry. However, high nitrogen (N) doses may lead to plant lodging, which could be solved by using growth retardant. This study aimed to evaluate the industrial quality of white oat grains cultivated under different nitrogen doses and associated with the growth retardant trinexapac-ethyl in two growing environments. Experiments were conducted in Londrina and Mauá da Serra, PR, Brazil, using the cultivar IPR Afrodite in a randomized block design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme and four replications. Treatments consisted of four topdressing N doses (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha−1) and the application or not of growth retardant. Thousand-grain weight, hectoliter weight, grain index greater than two millimeters, peeling index, and industrial grain yield were evaluated. The effect of N fertilization and growth retardant on the industrial quality of white oat grains depends on the characteristics of the growing environment. The trinexapac-ethyl application reduces grain quality in Londrina and Mauá da Serra. However, the industrial quality of grains is high in both growing environments when the growth retardant is associated with nitrogen doses.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de cultivares de aveia branca cultivadas em diferentes épocas e densidades de semeadura. Dois experimentos independentes foram conduzidos em duas épocas de semeadura, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de quatro densidades de semeadura (180, 240, 300 e 360 sementes viáveis.m-2) e duas cultivares (IPR Afrodite e IPR Artemis). Foram avaliados: massa de mil sementes, geminação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântula, índice de velocidade de emergência e emergência de plântulas em areia. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância conjunta para épocas de semeadura, separadamente para as cultivares. As médias de épocas foram comparadas pelo teste F e as de densidades submetidas à análise de regressão polinomial até segundo grau, a 5% de probabilidade. As sementes produzidas na primeira época de semeadura apresentam melhor vigor. O aumento da densidade de semeadura reduz a massa e o vigor das sementes produzidas na segunda época de cultivo. Para as cultivares IPR Afrodite e IPR Artemis, a utilização de 180 sementes.m-2, na primeira época de semeadura, possibilita a produção de sementes de melhor potencial fisiológico.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological potential of seeds of white oat cultivars grown at different sowing dates and densities. Two independent experiments were conducted with two different sowing dates in a randomized block experimental design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of four sowing densities (180, 240, 300, and 360 viable seed.m-2) and two cultivars (IPR Afrodite and IPR Artemis). The following evaluations were made: thousand seed weight, germination percentage, first germination count, seedling length, seedling dry matter, emergence speed index, and seedling emergence in sand. Joint analysis of variance was carried out on the data regarding sowing dates separately for the cultivars. The mean values for sowing dates were compared by the F test; and polynomial regression analysis up to the second degree at 5% probability was conducted on the densities. The seeds produced by the plants grown from the first sowing date had better vigor than those produced by plants from the later sowing date. The increase in sowing density reduces the weight and vigor of the seeds produced by plants from the second sowing date. For the IPR Afrodite and IPR Artemis cultivars, the use of 180 seed.m-2 in the first growing period allows production of seeds with greater physiological potential.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a divergência genética entre 49 genótipos de soja ( Glycinemax L. Merrill.), visando auxiliar programas de melhoramento voltados à qualidade do grão na escolha de progenitores. A divergência genética foi estimada por meio da distância generalizada de Mahalanobis a partir dos percentuais de proteína, óleo e ácidos graxos oleico, linoleico e linolênico após cultivo dos genótipos em diferentes ambientes. Os genótipos foram agrupados por métodos aglomerativos e as projeções bi e tridimensional da matriz de distância foram obtidas. Os teores médios de proteína e óleo nos quatro ambientes variaram de 34,25 a 45,18% e de 16,48 a 23,01%, respectivamente. Os teores médios dos ácidos graxos oleico, linoleico e linolênico variaram de 20,2 a 42,41%, de 44,17 a 63,18% e de 5,89 a 10,39%, respectivamente. As distâncias genéticas variaram de 0,11 a 251,02 e indicaram variabilidade genética entre os acessos. O par de acessos mais divergente foi PI417360/CD01RR8384, seguido por PI417360/B3PTA213-3-4 e PI417360/BARC-8. Já o par de acessos mais similar foi CS3032PTA276-1-2/CS3032PTA190-5-1, seguido por UFV18/M-SOY8914 e BRSMG Garantia/CD983321RR. Neste estudo, são indicadas como promissoras em termos de variabilidade genética as hibridações envolvendo BARC-8, CD2013PTA, CD01RR8384, CS303TNKCA, PI181544 e PI417360. Dentre esses genótipos, destacam-se BARC-8 e CD2013PTA, com teores proteicos acima de 43%, e CD01RR8384 e CS303TNKCA, com teores de óleo acima de 20%. A utilização desses genótipos geneticamente divergentes e com elevadas médias fenotípicas em futuros cruzamentos deverá produzir recombinantes desejáveis para a qualidade do grão.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper was to estimate the genetic divergence among 49 soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill .) genotypes to assist grain quality-focused breeding programs in the choice of progenitors. The genetic divergence was estimated using the Mahalanobis generalized distance from the percentages of protein, oil, and fatty acids oleic, linoleic and linolenic after cultivation of genotypes in different environments. Genotypes were grouped by agglomerative methods and the two and three-dimensional projections of the distance matrix were obtained. The average protein and oil contents in the four environments ranged from 34.25 to 45.18% and from 16.48 to 23.01%, respectively. The average contents of the fatty acids oleic, linoleic and linolenic ranged from 20.2 to 42.41%, from 44.17 to 63.18%, and from 5.89 to 10.39%, respectively. The genetic distances ranged from 0.11 to 251.02 and indicated genetic variability among the accessions. The most divergent pair of accessions was PI417360/CD01RR8384, followed by PI417360/B3PTA213-3-4 and PI417360/BARC-8. The most similar par of accessions was CS3032PTA276-1-2/CS3032PTA190-5-1, followed by UFV18/M-SOY8914 and BRSMG Garantia/CD983321RR. In this study we indicated as promising in terms of genetic variability the hybridizations involving BARC-8, CD2013PTA, CD01RR8384, CS303TNKCA, PI181544, and PI417360. Among these genotypes we can stand out BARC-8 and CD2013PTA, with protein contents above 43%, and CD01RR8384 and CS303TNKCA, with oil contents above 20%. The use of these genetically divergent genotypes and with high phenotypic means in future crosses should produce desirable recombinants for grain quality.

Abstract IPR Aimoré is a new triticale cultivar that combines earliness and high yield. In Value for Cultivation and Use trials carried out in 33 environments, involving the main triticale producing states, IPR Aimoré surpassed 4% the controls means, with mean yield of 4.955 kg ha-1.

RESUMO A baixa diversidade genética traz limitação ao melhoramento de plantas, pois genótipos semelhantes compartilham alelos em comum causando pouca complementaridade e baixo vigor , devido aos baixos níveis de heterozigosidade obtidos nos cruzamentos .Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, analisar o teor de óleo e a diversidade genética de genótipos de soja com base em regiões de QTL desta característica para a escolha de progenitores visando ao aumento no teor de óleo em soja. Vinte e dois genótipos com ampla variação no teor de óleo incluindo cultivares com altos teores foram cultivados em diferentes condições brasileiras e o teor de óleo nos grãos foi quantificado por espectrometria do infravermelho. Para estimar a diversidade genética foram analisados marcadores microssatélites selecionados com base em regiões de QTL para o teor de óleo em soja. Nestes estudos observou-se ampla variação quanto ao teor de óleo nos grãos e razoável diversidade genética entre os genótipos, sendo a PI181544 a mais divergente, seguida por Suprema. Os genótipos PI371610/Suprema e Suprema/CD01RR8384 mostraram distância genética e maiores teores de óleo nos grãos. Já as cultivares Suprema e CD01RR8384 tiveram os mais altos teores de óleo e se mostraram pouco relacionadas geneticamente. Estes genótipos são progenitores promissores para a seleção de alto teor de óleo em soja.

ABSTRACT The low genetic diversity brings limitation to breeding, because genetically similar genotypes share alleles in common, causing little complementarity and low vigor due to the low levels of heterozygosity in crosses. The objective of this work was to analyze the oil content and genetic diversity of soybean genotypes (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) based on QTL regions of this trait for choice of progenitors for increase in oil content. Twenty-two genotypes with wide variation in oil content, including cultivars with high oil contents, were cultivated in different Brazilian conditions and the oil content of the grains was quantified by infrared spectrometry. Microsatellite markers selected based on QTL regions for oil content in soybean were analyzed to estimate the genetic diversity. In these studies, a wide variation in oil content (17.28-23.01%) and a reasonable diversity among the genotypes were observed, being PI181544 the most divergent genotype, followed by Suprema. The genotypes PI371610/Suprema and Suprema/CD01RR8384 showed genetic distance and higher oil contents in the grains, while the cultivars Suprema and CD01RR8384 had the highest oil contents and proved to be little genetically related. These genotypes are promising progenitors for selection of high oil content in soybean.

Abstract The oat cultivar IPR Afrodite, resulting from a cross between CFT 2 and the inbred line ER 88144-1, is high-yielding, has grain quality traits that are relevant for food processing and industry, and is resistant to the root-knot nematode species Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. paranaensis and M. enterolobii.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre os parâmetros de divergência em regiões de QTLs e a variância genética em genótipos de soja, quanto aos teores de proteína e óleo nos grãos. Dois grupos de genótipos foram avaliados, em diferentes ambientes, quanto aos teores de proteína e óleo e genotipados com marcadores moleculares de regiões de QTLs. A partir de cada grupo, estabeleceram-se subgrupos por critérios pré-definidos e avaliou-se a relação entre os parâmetros, tendo-se comparado a divergência média e a variância genética entre os subgrupos. Os subgrupos foram definidos com base nos critérios de diferença em divergência média, homogeneidade e heterogeneidade nos subgrupos e proximidade em uma projeção tridimensional da matriz de distância. As percentagens de concordância entre maiores valores de divergência média e de variância genética para o total de subgrupos de cada grupo inicial foram de 72,5 e de 73,4%, respectivamente. Portanto, nestes genótipos, há relação positiva entre as estimativas de divergência em regiões de QTL e variância genética para os teores de proteína e de óleo dos grãos. As distâncias genéticas com base nos marcadores moleculares de regiões de QTLs são eficientes para a predição da variabilidade genética em genótipos de soja para os teores de proteína e de óleo dos grãos.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between the parameters of divergence on QTL regions and the genetic variance in soybean genotypes for protein and oil contents. Two groups of genotypes were evaluated for protein and oil contents in different environments, and genotyped with molecular markers of QTL regions. Subgroups were established by predefined criteria from each group, and the relationship between the parameters was evaluated by comparing mean divergence and genetic variance between the subgroups. The subgroups were defined based on the criteria of difference of mean divergence, homogeneity and heterogeneity in the subgroups, and proximity in a three-dimensional projection of the distance matrix. Percentage agreement between the greater values for mean divergence and genetic divergence for the subgroup total of each initial group was 72.5 and 73.4%, respectively. Therefore, there is a positive relationship between the estimates on QTL regions and genetic variance for protein and oil contents in grains in these genotypes. The genetic distances based on molecular markers of QTL regions are efficient to predict the genetic variability in soybean genotypes, for protein and oil contents.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, por meio de análises biométricas, os genitores parentais de soja mais estáveis, com maior teor de óleo ou de proteína, cultivados em diferentes épocas e localidades do Estado de Minas Gerais. Quarenta e nove genótipos foram avaliados nos municípios de Viçosa, Visconde do Rio Branco e São Gotardo, em Minas Gerais, de 2009 a 2011. Os conteúdos de proteína e óleo foram analisados por espectrometria no infravermelho, com uso de analisador FT-NIR. Os efeitos de genótipo, ambiente e da interação genótipo x ambiente foram significativos. O genótipo de soja BARC-8 é o melhor genitor para o aumento no teor proteico das progênies, seguido por BR 8014887 e CS 3032PTA276-3-4. A seleção para alto teor de óleo é mais eficiente quando os cruzamentos envolvem os genótipos Suprema, CD 01RR8384 e A7002, que apresentam altos valores de média fenotípica, adaptabilidade ampla e maior estabilidade frente à variação ambiental.

The objective of this work was to identify by biometric analyses the most stable soybean parents, with higher oil or protein contents, cultivated at different seasons and locations of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Forty-nine genotypes were evaluated in the municipalities of Viçosa, Visconde do Rio Branco, and São Gotardo, in the state of Minas Gerais, from 2009 to 2011. Protein and oil contents were analyzed by infrared spectrometry using a FT-NIR analyzer. The effects of genotype, environment, and genotype x environment interaction were significant. The BARC-8 soybean genotype is the best parent to increase protein contents in the progenies, followed by BR 8014887 and CS 3032PTA276-3-4. Selection for high oil content is more efficient when the crossings involve the Suprema, CD 01RR8384, and A7002 genotypes, which show high mean phenotypic values, wide adaptability, and greater stability to environmental variation.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar influência da informação de parentesco na seleção de progênies de soja quanto à produtividade e aos teores de óleo e proteína, com base no uso de modelos mistos de predição dos valores genéticos. Novecentas progênies F4:6 e 200 progênies F4:7 de soja foram avaliadas nas safras 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, respectivamente. As progênies foram obtidas de cruzamentos múltiplos a partir de 57 progenitores. Os dados foram analisados por meio de modelos aleatórios (quadrados mínimos) e mistos BLUP/REML ("best linear unbiased prediction/restricted maximum likelihood"). Os maiores valores de ganhos preditos foram obtidos com o BLUP/REML. Os valores genéticos preditos com o método BLUP/REML, sem informação de parentesco, apresentaram alta correlação com aqueles obtidos com o modelo aleatório, além de detectada alta coincidência das progênies selecionadas. A inclusão da matriz de parentesco resultou na seleção de progênies diferentes e em maior acurácia na predição dos valores genéticos.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of relationship information for selecting soybean progenies as to their productivity, and oil and protein contents, using mixed models for the prediction of breeding values. Nine hundred F4:6 and 200 F4:7 soybean progenies were evaluated in the seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, respectively. The progenies were obtained from multiple crosses from 57 parents. Data were analyzed using random models (least squares) and mixed models BLUP/REML (best linear unbiased prediction/restricted maximum likelihood). The highest values of predicted gains were obtained by BLUP/REML. The breeding values predicted with the use of BLUP/REML without relationship information were highly correlated with the ones obtained with the random model, and the selected progenies were rather coincident. The inclusion of the relationship matrix resulted in the selection of different progenies and in higher accuracy of breeding values.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação de marcadores microssatélites localizados próximos a locos de caracteres quantitativos (QTL) descritos na literatura, com os teores de óleo e proteína de genótipos de soja cultivados no Brasil. Quarenta e nove genótipos de soja foram avaliados em Viçosa, MG (12/2009); Visconde do Rio Branco, MG (2/2010); e São Gotardo, MG (2/2010 e 10/2011). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os teores de óleo e proteína foram determinados por espectrometria do infravermelho. Foi observada ampla variabilidade genética para esses teores. Dos 65 marcadores microssatélites testados, 35 apresentaram associação significativa com pelo menos um dos teores, mas poucos foram consistentes com a mudança de ambiente. Ao se levar em conta a consistência da associação em todos os ambientes, os marcadores Satt239, Satt384 e Satt562 destacam-se para a seleção assistida quanto aos teores de óleo e de proteína, enquanto o Satt310 destaca-se para seleção quanto ao teor de óleo, e o Satt567, quanto ao de proteína.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the association of microsatellite markers located close to quantitative trait loci (QTL) described in the literature, with contents of oil and protein soybean genotypes cultivated in Brazil. Forty-nine soybean genotypes were evaluated in Viçosa, MG (12/2009), Visconde do Rio Branco, MG (2/2010), and São Gotardo, MG (2/2010 and 10/2011). A randomized complete block design, with three replicates, was used. The oil and protein contents were determined by infrared spectroscopy. A high genetic variability was observed for oil and protein contents. Among the 65 tested microsatellite markers, 35 showed significant association with at least one of these contents, but few of them were consistent with the change of environment. Considering the consistency of the association in all environments, the markers Satt239, Satt384, and Satt562 stand out for assisted selection as to oil and protein contents, whereas Satt310 stands out for the selection as to oil content, and Satt567, as to protein content.