Abstract: The spread of hate speech through social media contributes to poisoning the public sphere and undermining the quality of liberal democracies. This type of discourse is particularly virulent against the political class and against feminism. Taking this reality as a starting point, this research will attempt to identify the gender bias in hate speech in the political sphere: do female politicians receive more verbal attacks than their male counterparts, not because they are politicians, but because they are women? Do female politicians receive more emotional polarity in the mentions they receive on Twitter than their male counterparts? Through discourse analysis using PLN techniques for emotion detection and text mining on a corpus of 3,483,232 tweets collected from 20 accounts of Spanish politicians, it is found that the messages received by women politicians concentrate more emotional polarity than men’s, but not more hatred, which is slightly higher in men. It also confirms that sexist and misogynist expressions are used to denigrate women and, by extension, feminism, which makes hate speech a type of information disorder.

Resumen: La propagación de discursos de odio a través de las redes sociales contribuye a intoxicar la esfera pública y a mermar la calidad de las democracias liberales. Este tipo de discursos es singularmente virulento contra la clase política y contra el feminismo. Partiendo de esta realidad, la presente investigación tratará de delimitar el sesgo de género en el discurso de odio en el ámbito político. ¿Reciben las mujeres políticas más agresiones verbales que sus homólogos varones, no por su condición de políticas, sino por su condición de mujeres? ¿Concentran las mujeres políticas más polaridad emocional que los hombres en las menciones que reciben en Twitter? A través del análisis del discurso operado con técnicas de PLN para la de detección de las emociones y de la minería de texto sobre un corpus de 3.483.232 de tuits recolectados de 20 cuentas de políticos españoles, se confirma que los mensajes que reciben las mujeres políticas concentran mayor polaridad emocional que los de los hombres, pero no más odio, que es un poco superior en los hombres. También se confirma que las expresiones sexistas y misóginas son empleadas para denigrar a las mujeres y, por extensión, al feminismo, lo que convierte al discurso del odio en un tipo de desorden informativo.

Abstract Oxides (Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, CeO2, MgO) are among the most used reinforcements for Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMC); while the combination of Al with Si, Cu and/or Mg excels among the alloying systems used as matrices. Some works in literature study the effects of the reinforcements and the alloying elements on the composites manufacturing, microstructure and mechanical properties. Nevertheless, it is necessary a recompilation of the interactions oxide reinforcement-alloyed matrix, including the reciprocal effects between them. Our search revealed that not only reactions occur at the interfacial regions, but also other phenomena depending on the reinforcement characteristics and the matrix composition, which affect mechanical properties. These phenomena include modifications in the matrix microstructure and its precipitation process, diffusion of elements through the interfaces, change in the reinforcement wettability by the liquid metal, loss of alloying elements, and deterioration of the reinforcement. This work presents the occurrence of these phenomena for Al matrices with different contents of Si, Cu and Mg reinforced with the most used oxides. Its novelty lies in exploring these combinations of conditions, which could serve as a benchmark study and help for a better understanding and selection of the matrix-reinforcement system.

Abstract Open-cell aluminum foams were produced by the replication technique in three different pore sizes, ranging from 0.71 to 4.75 mm. The manufactured specimens were physically characterized, determining their porosity, relative density, pores per inch and interconnection windows density. A new experimental design is proposed in order to assess the drop of pressure behavior resulting from the injection of gasoline additive at increasing high pressure intervals, ranging from 1.38 to 172.37 MPa (200 to 25,000 psi), reproducing the tests at room temperature and 200 °C. The regime governing the flow through the investigated samples was determined as a function of flowrate and the foams physical properties. The structural capacity of open-cell Al foams to conduct highly pressurized flow was evaluated by means of compression tests. It was found that at room temperature, the drop of pressure behavior is strongly associated to physical parameters, whilst at 200 °C, dimensional and geometrical properties are negligible. In addition, in this investigation, it is presumed that the studied foams have the structural capacity to conduct fluids at critical conditions of pressure and temperature.

El Sistema Portuario Español pone en marcha, en abril de 2015, la plataforma web DUEPORT (Declaración Única de Escala Portuaria) con el fin de ser un observatorio de tráfico marítimo de buques, mercancías y residuos en tiempo real, erigiéndose como la medida más importante para luchar y prevenir la contaminación marina. En este artículo se realiza un análisis por separado de las necesidades del negocio marítimo actual y los instrumentos legales y económicos existentes en materia de prevención de la contaminación marina, mostrando la solución desarrollada por las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) para dar respuesta a todas las necesidades de forma razonable. Las conclusiones de la investigación vienen a mostrar que las TIC completan el "puzle" de los intereses del sector marítimo, capaces de crear un entorno sostenible entre los intereses del negocio marítimo y las necesidades de información ambiental de los buques a través de la aplicación de los instrumentos legales y económicos existentes.

The Spanish Port System launched in April 2015, the web platform DUEPORT (Single Declaration of Port Scale ) to be an observatory of marine vessel traffic , goods and waste in real time, establishing itself as the most important measure to fight and prevent marine pollution. In this article an economic existing in the prevention of marine pollution separate analysis of the needs of today's maritime business and legal instruments and is done by showing the solution developed by the Information Technology and Communication (ICT) to meet all reasonably needs. The research findings come to show that ICTs complete the "puzzle" of the interests of the maritime industry, able to create a sustainable environment between the interests of maritime business and environmental information needs of ships through the application existing legal and economic instruments.

Three Al-6Si-3Cu-xMg (x = 0.59, 3.80 and 6.78 wt. %) alloys were produced using conventional ingot casting metallurgy and melt-spinning. The study was focused to investigate the effect of Magnesium content and aging time ant temperature on precipitates and microhardness. Obtained alloys were solution heat treated at 480 ºC for 12 h and aged at 150, 180 and 210 °C for times between 0.05 and 100 h. Multifactorial designs were used, summarized in the dependency: VHN= f (t, T, %Mg), where VHN is Vickers microhardness, t is aging time and T is aging temperature. Transmission Electron Microscopy and microhardness techniques were used. Results shown variations in precipitates composition: CuAl2 needles for the alloys with 0.59% Mg and Q (Al5Cu2Mg8Si6) with irregular shapes, for the alloys with 3.80 and 6.78% Mg. For melt-spinning alloys, temperature originates the most significant variation on microhardness, followed by Mg content and aging time. The increase of Mg content originates greater microhardnesses. For conventionally cast alloys temperature is the only factor that significantly changes microhardness.

Tres aleaciones cuaternarias Al-6Si-3Cu-xMg (x = 0.59, 3.80 y 6.78 % en peso) fueron producidas utilizando fundición convencional de lingotes y solidificación rápida mediante "melt-spinning". El estudio se concentró en investigar el efecto del contenido de Mg y del tiempo y la temperatura de envejecido sobre los precipitados y la microdureza. Las aleaciones se sometieron a tratamientos térmicos T6, consistentes en calentar las muestras a 480 ºC por 12 h y envejecido a 150, 180 y 210 ºC, durante tiempos comprendidos entre 0.05 y 100 horas. Se aplicaron diseños multifactoriales, resumidos en la dependencia VHN= f (t, T, %Mg), donde VHN es la microdureza Vickers, t es el tiempo y T la temperatura de envejecido. Se utilizaron técnicas de microscopía electrónica de transmisión y microdureza. Los precipitados obtenidos fueron diferentes: CuAl2 en forma de aguja para las aleaciones con 0.59 % de Mg; y Q (Al5Cu2Mg8Si6) irregulares para las aleaciones con 3.80 y 6.78 % de Mg. Para las aleaciones obtenidas por solidificación rápida, el factor que más influyó sobre la microdureza fue la temperatura, seguido por el contenido de Mg y el tiempo de envejecido. El aumento del contenido de Mg origina mayores microdurezas. Para las aleaciones obtenidas por solidificación convencional la temperatura es el único factor que provoca cambios significativos sobre la microdureza.